Biochem Lab Quiz 6

What is urosepsis?

a urinary tract infection (UTI)

Dysuria, urinary frequency, abdominal/pelvic pain is a sign of what?

urosepsis

Why are women more likely to get UTIs?

shorter urethras

Which of the following is not a sign of urosepsis?

dyslopia

Inflammation of the kidneys is called what? What about of the bladder?

Pyelonephritis; cystitis

What are some of the ways to get a UTI?

Hematological, lymphatic, ascending

What are some of the mechanism of defense of a UTI/urosepsis?

stream/flow of pee

pH being acidic

WBC

Incomplete voiding of the stream in men is due to what? What about in women?

men: prostate

women: pregnancy

What do our WBCs produce in response to a UTI? What property does it have?

Cytokines; vasoactive → increase inflammatory response

UTI is due to what type of bacteria?

gram negative bacteria

Gram negative bacteria creates what, that causes endothelial damage?

endotoxins from their lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)

What processes occur due to an increase in endotoxins?

capillar permeability and endothelial damage

What is sepsis? What is damaged as a result?

life threatening response of the host to an infection → organ damage

What occurs to fluid vessel and interstitial fluid due to sepsis? What does this cause to BP?

decrease in fluid vessel

increase in interstitial fluid

decrease in blood pressure

Since there is a decrease in O2 during sepsis what occurs to CAC/Krebs?

can not function; anaerobic glycolysis must occur

→ leads to metabolic acidosis

What does the decrease in permeability, due to sepsis, cause?

Duseminated interventricular coagulation

Treatment of sepsis? What is the treatment of severe sepsis?

antiobiotics; antiobiotics + fluids

How does one treat septic shock? What does it treat

antibiotics + fluids + dopamine pumps

→ increases BP

→ reduces O2 in cells

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a nutshell can be described how?

hyperglycemia + insulin resistance

Is type 2 Diabetes Mellitus solely a glucose problem?

no it is a metabolic systems failure

Normal role of Insulin?

increase in glucose uptake via GLUT4

stimulate lipogenesis and protein synthesis

inhibit lipolysis, glyconeogensis, ketogenesis

In T2DM what do we store glucose as normally?

fat

Insulin effects on Adipocytes?

glycolysis, lipogenesis increase

How does obesity occur?

fat cells start to accumulate endlessly as body does not see them as bad

What does lipoprotein lipase do?

allows you to absorb fatty acids from circulation and storing them in fat cells as TAGs

Hormone sensitive lipase does what?

allows you to be able to lose fat

→ inhibited by insulin

Drivers for insulin resistance?

sedentary lifestyle and execessive carb intake

High glucose leads to high insulin which leads to what?

high fat retention → lipotoxicity

High fat leads to what? What does that then lead to?

insulin resistance → glucose being released and damage to body

What are some effects on body due to T2DM?

lipotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance in other organs

Excessive intracellular fat/lipids will lead to what?

Diacylglycerol (DAG) → activate PKC0

PKC0 activation leads to what?

Phosphorylation of serine of insulin receptor substrate (SER307) → disrupted insulin signaling

Is T2DM a disease that happens quickly?

no, occurs over whole life

Disrupted insulin signaling leads to what?

hyperinsulemia, chronic hyperglycemia and glucotoxicity

Glucotoxicity leads to what?

AGE/ ROS/ RAGE

Why do ketones appear but not DKA in T2DM?

partial insulin deficiency allows mild ketogenesis

insulin still suppresses DKA

Advanced Glycocetic End products (AGE) damage what?

endothelium, kidney, retina, nerves

What seems to remain normal in T2DM?

glucose levels seem normal

insulin levels high

How does exercise help with insulin resistance?

muscle contraction causes GLUT4 translocation

improves mitochondria

depletes glycogen

What kind of diet helps with insulin resistance?

low-carb/keto diet → restores insulin sensitivity