World History Final Exam Review

Flashcards for World History Final Exam Review covering the French Revolution, Imperialism in Africa, the Enlightenment, and the Protestant Reformation.

What happened to the price of food in France in 1788?

Bad weather, less grain, and prices increased a lot.

Describe the Estate System in France Pre-Revolution

First estate: the clergy (church officials), makes up less than 1% of the population, paid no taxes. Second estate: the nobility (rich landowners and aristocrats), made up 1-2% of the population, paid no taxes. Third estate: everyone else (peasants, workers, and middle class), made up 97% of the population, had to pay all the taxes, and had few rights and political power.

Which estate paid all of the taxes in pre-revolutionary France?

The third estate.

What did the Storming of the Bastille symbolize?

The start of the revolution.

What did the Napoleonic Code establish?

Freedom of religion, protection of property rights, and equality before the law.

What was the goal of Robespierre during the Reign of Terror?

Get rid of enemies, defend the revolution, and create a just and moral society.

What was the purpose of the meeting of countries at the Congress of Vienna after Napoleon fell from power?

Aimed to redraw the map of Europe, bring royal families back to their thrones, and create a balance of power.

What was the main reason European countries colonized Africa in the 1800s?

To gain resources, wealth, land, and power.

What was the goal of the Berlin Conference (1884–1885)?

The main goal was to divide Africa among European powers.

How did imperialism affect African societies and traditions?

Disrupted their cultures, governments, and everyday life.

Which African country successfully resisted colonization?

Ethiopia.

What does the phrase “Scramble for Africa” mean?

The invasion, colonization, and division of African territory.

What was a common justification Europeans used for colonizing Africa?

Europeans were trying to “civilize” Africans.

What was the result of how Europeans drew borders in Africa?

It forced African tribes to live with their rival groups, creating long-term conflicts.

What did Gandhi believe?

Gandhi believed in nonviolent protests and movements.

What economic system helped motivate imperialism?

Capitalism.

What conference formally divided African land among European powers?

The Berlin Conference.

What was true about European partitioning of Africa in the 1800s?

It was done without the consent of African leaders and communities.

Define imperialism in one sentence

A policy where a country extends its power by controlling other lands and people often through colonization.

What was the main economic motivation for imperialism?

Raw materials and new markets.

What does the term “White Man’s Burden” refer to?

Civilize, educate, and govern non-European people.

What was the Enlightenment?

An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights.

What natural rights did John Locke believe all people had?

Life, liberty, and property.

What type of government did Montesquieu support?

Separation of powers.

What idea is most associated with Enlightenment thinkers?

That reason and knowledge can improve society and government.

According to Enlightenment thinkers, what should guide decision-making?

Reason and logic.

Which revolution was most influenced by Enlightenment ideas?

The American Revolution.

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe about absolute monarchy?

They criticized it.

What did the Enlightenment encourage people to do?

Think critically and seek knowledge through reason.

What rights did Voltaire support?

Freedom of speech, religion, and the right to criticize the government without punishment.

What was the Protestant Reformation?

A religious movement that challenged the authority and practices of the Catholic Church, leading to the creation of Protestant churches.

Who started the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther.

What were indulgences, and why did Luther oppose them?

Payments that promised to reduce punishment for sins and buy forgiveness. Luther believed salvation came from faith alone, not money.

What document did Martin Luther post in 1517 to protest the Catholic Church?

The 95 theses.

What invention helped spread Luther’s ideas quickly?

The printing press.

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?

The Counter-Reformation.

What was one major result of the Reformation?

Division of Christianity into Catholicism.

What religious idea is John Calvin most known for?

Predestination, the belief that God planned who would be saved and who wouldn’t.

What was a long-term e ect of the Protestant Reformation?

Permanent split in Christianity.