UNIT 6: Miscellanous

endotherms and gills

the warm blood returning from the muscle warms the cold blood coming from the gills

osmosis

the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

diffusion

the passive movement of a substance from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

hypertonic

when the solution has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than the inside of the cell which results in the cell shriveling

isotonic

the solution has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the inside of the cell

hypotonic

the concentration of dissolved particles in the solution is lower than in the cell causing the cell to lyse (explode)

two ways organisms deal with salinity

osmoconformer and osmoregulator

osmoconformer

organisms that have no ability to control their internal ion concentration

osmoregulator

organisms that have the ability to control their internal ion concentration

types of osmoregulators

anadromous and catadromous

anadromous

spawn in freshwater and live adult lives in saltwater

catadromous

spawn in salt water and lives adult lives in freshwater

inorganic nutrients

nitrates, phosphates, calcium, magnesium, and carbon

orders of magnitude

powers of 10 (10.0 →1.0)

factors that affect life in the ocean

light, temperature, salinity, dissolved nutrients, and dissolved gas

light

photosynthesis and bioluminescence

temperature

poikilotherms, homeotherms, and endotherms

poikilotherms

internal temperature is the same as the environment

homeotherms

have constantly internal body temperature

endotherms

has the ability to make their body temperature slightly higher than the temperature

surface area and volume

surface area = (LxW) x number of sides

volume = (LxWxH)

SA:V

taxonomic hierarchy

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

binomial nomenclature

2 name naming system

dichotomous key

tool used to identify species using contrasting characteristics

keystone species

a species that plays a unique and critical role in an ecosystem

plankton

organisms that drift with the current and lack the ability to swim against the current

two major groups of plankton

phytoplankton and zooplankton

phytoplankton

the base of almost all marine food chains

diatoms

most abundant form of phytoplankton and form a silica shell

dinoflagelatte

phytoplankton with two flagella

zooplankton

important consumer and sensitive to environmental change

copepods

most abundant and diverse group of crustaceans

jellyfish

* are copepods
* predators
* have stinging cells and no brain

krill

shrimp-like carnivore that feeds on zooplankton and some phytoplankton

eutrophication

type of harmful algae bloom

process of eutrophication

* sudden rise of nutrient level in the water
* extra nutrient cause rapid reproduction of phytoplankton
* when the nutrients are used up, phytoplankton die
* the decomposers use up O2 creating dead zones because the fish can’t breathe