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Melting Point
The temperature at which a solid transitions into a liquid.
Freezing Point
The temperature at which a liquid transitions into a solid.
Boiling Point
The temperature at which a liquid's vapor pressure equals surrounding pressure.
Critical Temperature
The highest temperature at which a substance can exist as a liquid.
BTPS
Body Temperature, Pressure, Saturated (37°C, ambient pressure, 100% relative humidity).
STPD
Standard Temperature, Pressure, Dry (0°C, 760 mmHg, 0% humidity).
LaPlace's Law
Pressure inside a bubble varies directly with surface tension and inversely with radius.
Capillary Action
Liquid rising in a narrow tube due to adhesive and cohesive forces.
Surface Tension
Force exerting inward pull on a liquid's surface, minimizing surface area.
Absolute Humidity vs. Relative Humidity
Absolute is actual water vapor content; Relative is percentage of capacity held.
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
Total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of its partial pressures.
Boyle's Law
Volume and pressure are inversely proportional at constant temperature.
Charles's Law
Volume and temperature are directly proportional at constant pressure.
Gay-Lussac's Law
Pressure and temperature are directly proportional at constant volume.
Laminar Flow vs. Turbulent Flow
Laminar is smooth, parallel flow; Turbulent is disorganized, chaotic flow with eddies.