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Bully Pulpit
President's ability to communicate with the public.
Hepburn Act of 1906
Regulated railroads; enforced ICC rulings.
Antiquities Act of 1906
Allowed President to designate national monuments.
Roosevelt Foreign Policy
Aggressive diplomacy emphasizing military strength.
Speak softly and carry a big stick
Diplomatic strategy using military as deterrent.
Monroe Doctrine
U.S. protector of Latin America since 1820s.
Roosevelt Corollary
U.S. intervention in Latin America for national interest.
Panama Canal
Links Pacific and Atlantic; built on foreign soil.
Colombian territory
Location where Panama Canal was constructed.
$10 million proposal
Payment to Colombia for canal construction rights.
Taft's nomination
Roosevelt's handpicked successor for presidency.
Republican Split
Division between Taft's conservatives and Roosevelt's progressives.
Bull Moose Party
Progressive Party formed by Roosevelt after Taft's nomination.
Election of 1912
Featured Wilson, Taft, and Roosevelt as main candidates.
Wilson's victory
Won 1912 election with 41.8% of votes.
16th Amendment
Authorized federal income tax; ratified in 1913.
Underwood Tariff Act of 1913
Reduced import taxes and established income tax.
Graduated income tax
Higher income leads to higher tax percentage.
17th Amendment
Established direct election of senators by citizens.
First income tax threshold
Tax applied to income over $3,000.
Progressive Era Amendments
Constitutional changes aimed at increasing democracy.
Roosevelt's 1908 announcement
Declared he would not run for presidency.
Panama's independence
Supported by Roosevelt after Colombia rejected canal proposal.
Locks in Panama Canal
Facilitated transport of large ships between oceans.
Primary elections in 1912
Only 13 states held Republican primaries.
Roosevelt's primary wins
Won all but two Republican primaries.
Wilson's electoral votes
Secured 435 electoral votes in 1912 election.
Taft's electoral performance
Received 8 electoral votes in 1912 election.
Federal Reserve Act
Established national banking system in 1913.
Federal Reserve Board
Appointed by President to oversee monetary policy.
Federal Reserve Notes
Paper money issued by the Federal Reserve.
Federal Trade Commission Act
Prevented unfair business practices since 1914.
FTC
Federal agency regulating business practices.
Business Trusts
Combinations needing FTC approval to operate.
18th Amendment
Prohibited alcohol manufacturing and sale, ratified 1919.
Temperance Movement
Social movement advocating for alcohol prohibition.
WCTU
Women's Christian Temperance Union, founded in 1873.
Anti-Saloon League
Lobby group for anti-alcohol legislation, founded 1893.
Volstead Act
Enforced the 18th Amendment, passed in 1919.
Prohibition Era
Period from 1920 to 1933 banning alcohol.
Bootlegging
Illegal manufacture and sale of liquor during Prohibition.
19th Amendment
Granted women the right to vote nationwide.
Women's Suffrage
Movement advocating for women's voting rights.
Seneca Falls Convention
First women's rights convention in 1848.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Key leader in women's suffrage movement.
Susan B. Anthony
Co-founder of National Woman's Suffrage Association.
Wyoming Suffrage
First state to grant women voting rights in 1869.
Suffrage Organizations Merger
Two main groups merged in 1890 for voting rights.
Colorado, Utah, Idaho
Western states granting women the right to vote.
National Prohibition Act
Another name for the Volstead Act.
Loopholes in Prohibition
Allowed alcohol for medicinal and sacramental uses.
Alice Paul
Founded National Woman's Party in 1916.
National Woman's Party
Advocated for women's suffrage and rights.
19th Amendment
Granted women the right to vote in 1920.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
His assassination triggered World War I.
June 28, 1914
Date of Ferdinand's assassination in Sarajevo.
Austria-Hungary
Blamed Serbia for Ferdinand's assassination.
Two-front war
Germany's strategy to fight both France and Russia.
Invasion of Belgium
Brought Britain into the war against Germany.
Stalemate
A deadlock situation on the Western Front.
Trench Warfare
Combat method involving extensive trench systems.
Total War
Mobilization of all resources for war effort.
Lusitania
Sunk in 1915, killing 128 Americans.
Sussex Pledge
Germany's promise to warn before attacking ships.
National Defense Act 1916
Legislation to strengthen U.S. military forces.
Election of 1916
Wilson's campaign focused on keeping U.S. out of war.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Germany's strategy to sink enemy ships without warning.
Zimmermann Telegram
German proposal for Mexico to join the war.
April 6, 1917
Date U.S. declared war on Germany.
War Industries Board
Organized war production with private sector.
Liberty Bonds
Raised $23 billion to fund the war.
Committee of Public Information
Promoted war support and patriotic propaganda.
Espionage Act 1917
Criminalized interference with military operations.
Sedition Act 1918
Prohibited criticism of the government during war.
Selective Service Act 1917
Established the draft for military service.
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
U.S. forces led by General John J. Pershing.
Russian Revolution
Ended monarchy and withdrew Russia from WWI.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Peace treaty between Russia and Germany.
American Merchant Ships
Armed by Wilson to protect against U-boats.
Two Million Americans
Number of U.S. troops sent to Europe.
Convoys
Groups of ships traveling together for protection.
Battle of Amiens
Major Allied surprise offensive in August 1918.
Hundred Days Offensive
Final series of Allied attacks in WW1.
Black Day of the German Army
Date marking significant German losses in 1918.
Battle of Argonne
Largest American-led offensive, lasted 47 days.
Armistice
Agreement to cease fighting, signed November 11, 1918.
Kaiser
German king who fled to Holland post-war.
Peace Treaty
Agreement to formally end hostilities after WW1.
Wilson's 14 Points
President Wilson's vision for post-war peace.
League of Nations
International organization proposed by Wilson for peace.
Big Three
U.S., Great Britain, France leaders at peace talks.
Treaty of Versailles
1919 treaty ending WW1, imposed on Germany.
War Guilt Clause
Part of Versailles blaming Germany for the war.
Paris Peace Conference
1919 meeting to negotiate WW1 peace terms.
German Reparations
Payments Germany must make to Allies post-war.
American Casualties
115,000 Americans died, 50,000 in battle.
Total Soldier Deaths
9-11 million soldiers died in WW1.
Civilian Deaths
6-13 million civilians died during the war.
Wilson's European Heroism
Wilson celebrated in Europe, less so in America.
Treaty Rejection
U.S. Senate rejected Treaty of Versailles.
