Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Era

Bully Pulpit

President's ability to communicate with the public.

Hepburn Act of 1906

Regulated railroads; enforced ICC rulings.

Antiquities Act of 1906

Allowed President to designate national monuments.

Roosevelt Foreign Policy

Aggressive diplomacy emphasizing military strength.

Speak softly and carry a big stick

Diplomatic strategy using military as deterrent.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. protector of Latin America since 1820s.

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. intervention in Latin America for national interest.

Panama Canal

Links Pacific and Atlantic; built on foreign soil.

Colombian territory

Location where Panama Canal was constructed.

$10 million proposal

Payment to Colombia for canal construction rights.

Taft's nomination

Roosevelt's handpicked successor for presidency.

Republican Split

Division between Taft's conservatives and Roosevelt's progressives.

Bull Moose Party

Progressive Party formed by Roosevelt after Taft's nomination.

Election of 1912

Featured Wilson, Taft, and Roosevelt as main candidates.

Wilson's victory

Won 1912 election with 41.8% of votes.

16th Amendment

Authorized federal income tax; ratified in 1913.

Underwood Tariff Act of 1913

Reduced import taxes and established income tax.

Graduated income tax

Higher income leads to higher tax percentage.

17th Amendment

Established direct election of senators by citizens.

First income tax threshold

Tax applied to income over $3,000.

Progressive Era Amendments

Constitutional changes aimed at increasing democracy.

Roosevelt's 1908 announcement

Declared he would not run for presidency.

Panama's independence

Supported by Roosevelt after Colombia rejected canal proposal.

Locks in Panama Canal

Facilitated transport of large ships between oceans.

Primary elections in 1912

Only 13 states held Republican primaries.

Roosevelt's primary wins

Won all but two Republican primaries.

Wilson's electoral votes

Secured 435 electoral votes in 1912 election.

Taft's electoral performance

Received 8 electoral votes in 1912 election.

Federal Reserve Act

Established national banking system in 1913.

Federal Reserve Board

Appointed by President to oversee monetary policy.

Federal Reserve Notes

Paper money issued by the Federal Reserve.

Federal Trade Commission Act

Prevented unfair business practices since 1914.

FTC

Federal agency regulating business practices.

Business Trusts

Combinations needing FTC approval to operate.

18th Amendment

Prohibited alcohol manufacturing and sale, ratified 1919.

Temperance Movement

Social movement advocating for alcohol prohibition.

WCTU

Women's Christian Temperance Union, founded in 1873.

Anti-Saloon League

Lobby group for anti-alcohol legislation, founded 1893.

Volstead Act

Enforced the 18th Amendment, passed in 1919.

Prohibition Era

Period from 1920 to 1933 banning alcohol.

Bootlegging

Illegal manufacture and sale of liquor during Prohibition.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote nationwide.

Women's Suffrage

Movement advocating for women's voting rights.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention in 1848.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Key leader in women's suffrage movement.

Susan B. Anthony

Co-founder of National Woman's Suffrage Association.

Wyoming Suffrage

First state to grant women voting rights in 1869.

Suffrage Organizations Merger

Two main groups merged in 1890 for voting rights.

Colorado, Utah, Idaho

Western states granting women the right to vote.

National Prohibition Act

Another name for the Volstead Act.

Loopholes in Prohibition

Allowed alcohol for medicinal and sacramental uses.

Alice Paul

Founded National Woman's Party in 1916.

National Woman's Party

Advocated for women's suffrage and rights.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote in 1920.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

His assassination triggered World War I.

June 28, 1914

Date of Ferdinand's assassination in Sarajevo.

Austria-Hungary

Blamed Serbia for Ferdinand's assassination.

Two-front war

Germany's strategy to fight both France and Russia.

Invasion of Belgium

Brought Britain into the war against Germany.

Stalemate

A deadlock situation on the Western Front.

Trench Warfare

Combat method involving extensive trench systems.

Total War

Mobilization of all resources for war effort.

Lusitania

Sunk in 1915, killing 128 Americans.

Sussex Pledge

Germany's promise to warn before attacking ships.

National Defense Act 1916

Legislation to strengthen U.S. military forces.

Election of 1916

Wilson's campaign focused on keeping U.S. out of war.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany's strategy to sink enemy ships without warning.

Zimmermann Telegram

German proposal for Mexico to join the war.

April 6, 1917

Date U.S. declared war on Germany.

War Industries Board

Organized war production with private sector.

Liberty Bonds

Raised $23 billion to fund the war.

Committee of Public Information

Promoted war support and patriotic propaganda.

Espionage Act 1917

Criminalized interference with military operations.

Sedition Act 1918

Prohibited criticism of the government during war.

Selective Service Act 1917

Established the draft for military service.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

U.S. forces led by General John J. Pershing.

Russian Revolution

Ended monarchy and withdrew Russia from WWI.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Peace treaty between Russia and Germany.

American Merchant Ships

Armed by Wilson to protect against U-boats.

Two Million Americans

Number of U.S. troops sent to Europe.

Convoys

Groups of ships traveling together for protection.

Battle of Amiens

Major Allied surprise offensive in August 1918.

Hundred Days Offensive

Final series of Allied attacks in WW1.

Black Day of the German Army

Date marking significant German losses in 1918.

Battle of Argonne

Largest American-led offensive, lasted 47 days.

Armistice

Agreement to cease fighting, signed November 11, 1918.

Kaiser

German king who fled to Holland post-war.

Peace Treaty

Agreement to formally end hostilities after WW1.

Wilson's 14 Points

President Wilson's vision for post-war peace.

League of Nations

International organization proposed by Wilson for peace.

Big Three

U.S., Great Britain, France leaders at peace talks.

Treaty of Versailles

1919 treaty ending WW1, imposed on Germany.

War Guilt Clause

Part of Versailles blaming Germany for the war.

Paris Peace Conference

1919 meeting to negotiate WW1 peace terms.

German Reparations

Payments Germany must make to Allies post-war.

American Casualties

115,000 Americans died, 50,000 in battle.

Total Soldier Deaths

9-11 million soldiers died in WW1.

Civilian Deaths

6-13 million civilians died during the war.

Wilson's European Heroism

Wilson celebrated in Europe, less so in America.

Treaty Rejection

U.S. Senate rejected Treaty of Versailles.