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undernourishment
a diet that is chronically deficient in calories
substrate feeders
An organism that lives in or on its food source, eating its way through the food
deposit feeders
Detritivores, also known as detritus feeders or saprophages, are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing organic matter)
enzymatic hydrolysis
The process in digestion that splits macromolecules from food by the enzymatic addition of water.
intracellular digestion
the breakdown of nutrients within a cell
peristalis
the rhythmic contractions of muscles causing wavelike motions that move food down the GI tract
pancreas
triangular organ behind stomach that produces hormones that regulate blood sugar; produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; and produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid
salivary glands
three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva; the parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and sublingual glands
gallbladder
the organ that stores bile after it is produced by the liver
salivary amylase
an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen
pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
epiglottis
a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing
esophagus
a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
pepsinogen
precursor of pepsin
acid chyme
the result of the gastric juices and the food mixing into a nutrient broth
pyloric sphincter
the sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum
small intestine
the longest part of the alimentary canal
duodenum
the first part of the small intestine; between the stomach and the jejunum
jejunum
middle portion of small intestine where chemical digestion ends and absorption begins
liver
organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood
bile
a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
trypsin
an enzyme in pancreatic juice that breaks down large polypeptides
dipeptidases
enzyme in small intestine that split small peptides
carboxypeptidase
Released by the pancreas into the small intestine, this enzyme hydrolyzes terminal peptide bond at the carboxyl end.
aminopeptidase
Enzyme in small intestine that splits off one amino acid at a time from a polypeptide from the amine end.
enteropeptidase
Enzyme in small intestine that directly or indirectly triggers activation of intestinal lumen enzymes
emulsification
The term for when bile salts from the
gallbladder secreted into the
duodenum coat tiny fat droplets
and keep them from coalescing
lacteal
The small vessel of the lymphatic
system that penetrates the
core of each villus of the
small intestine
(absorbs digested fat)
lipase
enzyme that hydrolyzes fat molecules
villi
Tiny finger-shaped structures that cover the inner surface of the small intestine and provide a large surface area through which digested food is absorbed
chylomicrons
fat droplets covered in protein that diffuse into capillaries in small intestine
hepatic portal vessel
capillaries and veins that drain the nutrients away from the villi form the_ a blood vessel that goes to the liver
gastrin
polypeptide hormone secreted by the mucous lining of the stomach
enterogastrones
hormones excreted by the duodenum wall that include secretin and cholecytokinin (CCK); signal buffering of chyme by the pancreas w/release of bicarbonate
secretin
A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response to low pH (e.g., from stomach acid). It promotes the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to act as a buffer.
large intestine
colon; organ that removes water from the undigested materials that pass through it
cecum
a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum.
*1st part of large intestine
appendix
A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.
ruminant
any of various cud-chewing hoofed mammals having a stomach divided into four (occasionally three) compartments
stomach
large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food
A
A deficiency in this vitamin can
cause blindness
E
A deficiency in this vitamin effects
blood clotting.
B6
pyridoxine is also known as
Vitamin ____
A D E K
List three of the four fat-soluble vitamins
niacin
This vitamin is found in nuts, meats
and grains and is a component of
coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+