World History IH Industrial Revolution (Orange)

What is an Agricultural Revolution?

New methods and technology in farming lead to increased food production and increased population

What are enclosures?

Land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village, and change it to privately owned land, usually with walls, fences or hedges around it

What is crop rotation?

Rotating crops so the crops don't deplete the soil of nutrients (three-field system)

What was the Seed Drill?

Invented by Jethro Tull

Seed drills allow seeds to be buried into the seedbed at a uniform depth, in rows

What does industrialization mean?

Process of developing machine production of goods

What does England have that allows them to become the first country to industrialize?

Natural resources

Good economy to invest in new inventions,

A stable government

They were also home to many inventors and a large population and landowners had enough money to start businesses

What was the textile industry?

The textile (clothing) industry was the first to be transformed

Powered by Watt's Steam engine

It led to inventions such as the spinning jenny that caused the production of cotton to increase

What were the dates of the Industrial revolution?

1760 - 1840

Which country was the first to be industrialized?

England

What three things should a country have to be able to industrialize?

Natural Resources

Water power and coal to fuel machines

Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings

Rivers for transporting

Good economy

To invest in new inventions

A stable government

Why were some countries slow to industrialize?

They did not have the necessary resources, enough water power, and no rivers for transportation

Which industry was the first to industrialize?

Textile industry

What is Urbanization?

Movement of people from rural (farm) to urban (city) areas

What was the classes?

Wealthy - business owners

Middle - merchants, shop keepers, accountants

Poor - factory workers/jobless

What was the working class (proletariat)?

Laborers- often poor

Luddites

What was the middle class?

Some factory owners, merchants, and bankers grew wealthier than the landowners and aristocrats

Upper middle class: gov't employees, doctors, lawyers, managers of factories...

What was the Cult of Domesticity?

Belief that women belonged in the home

What was the Crystal Palace?

The Crystal Palace was a cast iron and plate glass structure, originally built in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851

What was the Great Exhibition of 1851?

"The Great Exhibition" displayed examples of technology developed in the Industrial Revolution

What were the First Industrial Revolution inventions?

Spinning jenny

Water frame

Steamboat

Railroad

Telegraph

Mechanized passenger elevator

What were the Second Industrial Revolution inventions?

Typewriter

Telephone

Phonograph

Lightbulb

Airplane

Automobile (Ford Model T)

What were luddites?

They destroyed machinery (machines were taking over their jobs)

What were working conditions like?

Long working hours (12-16 hrs)

Low wages

Unsafe working conditions

Safety Issues: (no fire escapes, doors often locked, no windows...)

What is a union?

Where workers join together in voluntary labor associations

What are the goals of a union?

Better working conditions and higher pay - if factory owners refused workers would go on strike

What are the government responses to labor unions?

They saw them as a threat hated them

What was the Factory Act?

Illegal to hire children under 9 yrs old

Children ages 9-12 can't work more than 8 hrs a day

Children from 13-17 could not work more than 12 hours a day

What was the Mines Act?

Prevented women and children from working in the mines

What was the Ten Hours Act?

Limited the workday to ten hours for women and children in factories

What was the Parliament Act 1911?

Asserted the supremacy of the House of Commons by limiting the legislation-blocking powers of the House of Lords

Reduced the maximum term of a Parliament member from 7 years to 5 years

Got rid of hereditary privileges of the House of Lords in 1999

What was the Labor movement?

Labor unions

Things to help to workers in factories - shorter working hours

What was the Chartist Movement?

A petition to parliament (The People's Charter 1838) wanted to extend the right to vote for all men

After 1884 most adult males in Britain had the right to vote

Before the movements, how much of the population could vote?

Only 5% of the population could vote - limited to men who owned a lot of land

What was women's suffrage?

Women's right to vote

What date do women get suffrage in England?

1928

What date do women get suffrage in the US?

1919

Who was James Hargreaves?

Invented the Spinning Jenny

Made creating yarn easier and textiles more affordable

Who was James Watt?

Invented the Steam Engine

Used to pump water out of mines and to power blast bellows

Who was Eli Whitnery?

Invented the Cotton Gin

Machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from seeds

Who was Henry Bessemer?

Invented the Steel Process

Used to make steel from iron ore

Who was Edward Jenner?

Invented the Smallpox Vaccine

Vaccine that helped humans develop immunity from smallpox

Who was Guglielmo Marconi?

Invented the Radio

Purpose was to convey information from one place to another

Who was Thomas Edison?

Invented the Phonograph

Purpose was to transcribe telegraphic messages through indentations on paper

Who was Henry Ford?

Invented the Model Ford T

First car that's affordable for the majority of the lower class

Who was Louis Pasteaur?

Invented the Germ Theory

He proved food spoiled from bacteria and humans became sick from germs not smell of animal carcasses

Who was Alexander Graham Bell?

Invented the telephone

Allowed people to communicate by voice over long distances

Who were the Wright Brothers?

Invented the Airplane

Used for transportation, recreation, military, etc

Who was Milicent Fawcett?

She focused on the importance of women's education

Founded the Suffragist movement

Leaded peaceful protests

Who was Emily Davison?

Gave her life for the suffrage movement when she was wounded after being stepped on by King's horse

Who was Caroline Norton?

Married to an abusive husband

Published eloquent works about stopping child labor and her time with her husband

Helped pass the Divorce Act and the Infant Custody Bill after her husband refused to allow her to see her children

Who was Emmeline Pankhurst?

Founded WSPU (Women's social and political union)

Helped employ military tactics - more violent than millicent

Arrested twice for protesting in front of Parliament

Who was Constance Markievicz?

Irish Nationalist

First women elected into British House of Commons - denied the seat

Ensured that Winston Churchill would be defeated in Manchester by election

Second women to hold a cabinet position as Minister for Labour in Irish government

What was the WSPU (Women's Social and Political Union) 1903?

It was a militant organization for women's rights

What is child labor?

The use of children in industry or business, especially when illegal or considered inhumane

What was the middle class like?

A larger middle class - neither rich or poor

Smaller family sizes

Cult of Domesticity

What methods did women's right activists use?

They refused to eat in prison, they smashed windows, destroyed property, and caused scenes in front of government offices

What was class identity?

It was the rise of the classes realizing what class they belonged to - the rise of the middle class (feeling that they're upper class but upper class disagrees)

Allows people to move upwards in classes through jobs

First Industrial Revolution vs. Second Industrial Revolution

First - basic necessities

Second - higher inventions - cars, planes, etc

What were tenements?

Small cramped multi-family apartment in city

In the 1800s, was the method of selecting the British Government a democracy?

No because only 5% of the population could vote which was mainly rich men

Upper class also rules the government

What is an example of an artifact shown at the Great Exhibition?

The Koh-i-Nour diamond which killed all the men who held it

In the late 1600s, what does Britain become?

A constitutional monarchy

Monarch serves as head of state but Parliament holds the real power

Parliament (House of Lords and House of Commons)