SOCI Study Guide Exam 2

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80 Terms

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Cultural capital

Symbolic and interactional resources used to gain advantages; includes embodied knowledge (e.g. speech, taste) and objectified goods (e.g. books, degrees).

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Cultural field

Bounded sites of cultural practice structured by institutions, norms, and power relations.

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Culture

The sum of social categories, beliefs, behaviors, and practices; includes material and non-material aspects.

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Distinction

Bourdieu’s idea that tastes reflect and reinforce class divisions and social hierarchies.

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Embodiment

The process where social structures shape our physical behaviors and internal dispositions.

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Habitus

System of embodied dispositions that guide perception and behavior; shaped by class and socialization.

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Pierre Bourdieu

French sociologist who developed theories of cultural capital, habitus, and social reproduction.

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Social class reproduction

The process by which social class is transmitted from generation to generation through culture, schools, and family.

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Crime

Behavior that violates formal legal codes.

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Dimensions of power

Forms of power: direct domination, agenda-setting, and shaping desires or ideology.

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Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison

Foucault’s work on how modern societies control people through surveillance and discipline rather than force.

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Formal social sanctions

Official punishments or rewards by institutions (e.g., fines, jail, awards).

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Informal deviance

Minor norm violations (e.g., dressing unusually) that don't break laws.

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Informal social sanctions

Unwritten societal reactions to deviance, like gossip, shame, or praise.

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Michel Foucault

French theorist known for ideas about power, surveillance, and the panopticon.

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Norms

Social expectations that guide individual behavior.

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Panopticon

A prison design that allows surveillance without the watched knowing; metaphor for modern control.

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Panopticonism

Foucault’s concept that modern societies induce self-discipline through perceived surveillance.

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Power

The ability to influence or control others, even against their will.

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Social control

Methods societies use to regulate individual behavior, both formally and informally.

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Social deviance

Behavior that violates social norms.

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Stigma

An attribute that discredits a person or group in society.

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Strain theory

Merton’s theory that deviance arises when society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

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Total institution

A place where all aspects of life are controlled (e.g., prison, military, asylums).

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Black Lives Matter (BLM)

A movement protesting racial injustice and police violence, especially against Black Americans.

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Color-blind racism

Ideology that ignores race in theory but reinforces inequality in practice by denying systemic issues.

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Critical race theory

Framework arguing that racism is embedded in legal systems and social institutions.

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Discrimination

Unequal treatment of individuals based on their race or ethnicity.

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Ethnicity

Social identity based on cultural traits like language, religion, or nationality; often self-defined.

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Genocide

Mass killing of a group based on race, ethnicity, or religion.

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Institutional racism

Systemic disadvantage of minority groups through seemingly neutral institutions (e.g., education, housing).

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Nativism

The belief in protecting native-born interests over those of immigrants.

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Pluralism

Coexistence of diverse groups within society while maintaining their cultural differences.

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Prejudice

Preconceived negative beliefs or attitudes about a racial or ethnic group.

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Primordialism

The view that ethnic ties are deeply rooted in culture and homeland traditions.

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Race

A social construct that categorizes people based on perceived physical differences; shaped by power and history.

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Racism

Belief in the superiority of one race over another, often used to justify inequality.

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Scientific racism

Pseudoscientific theories that claimed biological differences justified racial hierarchies.

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Segregation

Separation of people based on race, either legally (de jure) or socially (de facto).

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Social construct

An idea created and maintained by society that influences behavior and outcomes.

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Straight-line assimilation

Park’s theory of immigrant integration through stages: arrival → adaptation → assimilation.

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The New Jim Crow

Michelle Alexander’s term for mass incarceration as a new form of racial control after Jim Crow.

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White privilege

Unearned advantages granted to white people in social, economic, and legal systems.

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MeToo Movement

Social movement raising awareness of sexual harassment and assault, especially in workplaces.

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Androgynous

Exhibiting both masculine and feminine characteristics.

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Cisgender

A person whose gender identity matches their sex assigned at birth.

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Emotional labor

Managing feelings to fulfill emotional requirements of a job (e.g., customer service).

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Essentialism

Belief that gender and sex roles are rooted in biology and fixed.

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Gender

Socially constructed roles and expectations for masculinity and femininity.

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Gender role socialization

Process through which people learn gender norms from family, media, and society.

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Hegemonic masculinity

The dominant, idealized form of masculinity characterized by strength, authority, and heterosexuality.

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Heteronormativity

Assumption that heterosexuality is the default or norm.

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History of Sexuality

Foucault’s work exploring how sexuality is regulated by power and history.

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Homosexuality

Sexual or romantic attraction to people of the same gender.

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Intersectionality

A framework for understanding how overlapping identities (race, class, gender) affect privilege and oppression.

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Patriarchy

A social system in which men hold primary power in roles of leadership and authority.

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Queer theory

Challenges fixed identities and binary thinking around gender and sexuality.

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Sex

Biological differences between males and females.

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Sexism

Prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender.

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Sexual harassment

Unwanted sexual advances or conduct, especially in professional settings.

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Sexuality

Individual’s sexual identity, orientation, desires, and behaviors.

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Strands of feminism

Different approaches to feminism: liberal (rights), radical (patriarchy critique), intersectional (multiple oppressions).

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Toxic masculinity

Cultural norms that pressure men to suppress emotion, dominate others, and reject femininity.

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Transgender

A person whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth.

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Absolute poverty

Inability to meet basic needs for survival like food, shelter, or medical care.

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Alienation

Marx’s idea that workers are disconnected from the product, the process, and their own humanity under capitalism.

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Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership, market competition, and profit.

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Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

2010 case allowing unlimited corporate and union spending on elections, framing it as free speech.

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Communism

Economic system where all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to needs and abilities.

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Contradictory class locations

Positions in the class structure that contain traits of both the working and capitalist classes (e.g., managers).

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Corporation

Legal entity with rights and responsibilities separate from its owners; dominant in modern economies.

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Internal contradictions of capitalism

Inefficiencies and crises within capitalism (e.g., overproduction, inequality) that threaten its stability.

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Monopoly

Market dominated by a single seller, limiting consumer choice.

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Oligopoly

Market controlled by a few large firms that dominate the sector.

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Relative poverty

Being poor in comparison to the average standard of living in a society.

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Socialism

System where the means of production are owned or regulated by the community or state.

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Theory of the ‘invisible hand’

Adam Smith’s idea that individual self-interest in markets leads to positive outcomes for society.

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“Tragedy of the Commons”

Idea that individuals overusing shared resources leads to collective ruin.

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Union

Organization of workers formed to protect their rights and interests through collective bargaining.

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Union busting

Tactics used by employers to prevent or undermine labor union formation.