Pearson Revel Mastering the World of Psychology Chapter 12

psychological disorders

are mental processes and/or behavior patterns that cause emotional distress and/or substantial impairment in functioning

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
Sleep-Wake Disorders
Breathing-Related Sleep
Disorders
Parasomnias
Substance Related and Addictive Disorders

what are disorders in the subfield of consciousness?

Alzheimer's Disease

what are disorders in the subfield of memory?

Intellectual disability

what are disorders in the subfield of Cognition, Language, and Intelligence?

gender dysphoria

what are disorders in the subfield of human development?

eating disorders

what are disorders in the subfield of motivation and emotion?

posttraumatic stress disorder

what are disorders in the subfield of health and stress?

continuum, from well-adjusted to maladaptive

Human behavior lies along a:

maladaptive

a term that refers to behavior that is poorly suited to a particular situation or function

maladaptive

developing the habit of waiting until the night before an exam to study for it is:

maladaptive and consistent with other criteria

To be abnormal, a behavior must be:

-to what degree is the person's behavior maladaptive?
-is the behavior considered strange within the person's own culture
-is the behavior unusual among people who are the same age as the person?
-does the behavior cause distress to the person?
-is the person a danger to self or others?
-is the person legally responsible for his or her acts?

You can think of these criteria as answers to a few critical questions:

insanity

is used to label those who behave abnormally, but mental health professionals do not use this term

forensic psychologists

clinical psychologists who specialize in the legal aspects of psychology

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, 5th edition (DSM 5)

contains descriptions of hundreds of specific psychological disorders and lists criteria that must be met to make a particular diagnosis

researchers, therapists, mental health workers, and most insurance companies

the dsm 5 is used by:

psychological disorders

findings indicate that what is more common than physical ailments?

26%, or more than 44 million adults

how many are diagnosed with a mental disorder of some kind?

50% for both men and women

what's the lifetime prevalence rate for mental disorders?

46%

what is the lifetime prevalence of any psychological disorder?

29%

what is the lifetime prevalence of any anxiety disorder?

21%

what is the lifetime prevalence of any depressive or bipolar disorder?

15%

what is the lifetime prevalence of any substance abuse/dependence?

0.4%

what is the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia?

-biological
-biopsychosocial
-psychodynamic
-learning
-cognitive

what are the 5 theoretical perspectives?

biological perspective

views abnormal behavior as arising from a physical cause, such as genetic inheritance, biochemical abnormalities or imbalances, structural abnormalities within the brain, and/or infection

biopsychosocial perspective

agrees that physical (biological) causes are of central importance but also recognizes the influence of psychological and social factors in the study, identification, and treatment of psychological disorders

drug and therapy

biological perspective favors biological treatments such as:

both drugs and psychotherapy

biopsychosocial psychologists often advocate treatment strategies that include:

psychodynamic

maintains that psychological disorders stem from early childhood experiences and unresolved, unconscious conflicts, usually of a sexual or aggressive nature

psychoanalysis

what is the cure from a psychodynamic perspective?

learning perspective

psychological disorders are thought to be learned and sustained in the same way as any other behavior. According to this view, people who exhibit abnormal behavior either are victims of faulty learning or have failed to learn appropriate patterns of thinking and acting.

learning principles of classical and operant conditioning

what do behavior therapists use to eliminate distressing behavior and to establish new, more appropriate behavior in its place

cognitive perspective

suggests that faulty thinking or distorted perceptions can contribute to some types of psychological disorders

changing thinking

treatment of cognitive perspective:

anxiety

a fearful state of mind

anxiety disorders

the most common category of mental disorders affecting about 18% of adults in the United States

-panic attacks
-agarophobia

There are two types of anxious feelings of this type for which people often seek professional help:

agarophobia

an intense fear of being in a situation from which escape is not possible or in which help would not be available if one experienced overwhelming anxiety or a panic attack

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring, unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror

panic attack

is a sudden feeling of fear in which the heart pounds, the body shakes, and the person has a choking sensation

autonomic nervous system

Uncued attacks appear to be brought about by a dysfunction in the:

teaching people how to control their cognitive responses to the sensations that accompany these attacks

Thus, clinicians often treat panic attacks by:

early adult years with repeated panic attacks

agoraphobia often begins during the:

panic disorder

People who have recurring panic attacks may be diagnosed with:

both repeated attacks and anxiety about the occurrence and consequences of further attacks

People with panic disorder must cope with:

panic disorder with agoraphobia

is among the most debilitating of all psychological disorders:

medication and psychotherapy

most individuals with panic disorder with agoraphobia will respond to a combination of:

a cycle of anxiety, avoidance, and escape

what cycle becomes established and gains dominance over the life of the person who has panic disorder?

confront situations in which they may experience a panic attack

To break this cycle, most therapists encourage people with panic disorder to:

generalized anxiety disorder

is the diagnosis given to people who experience chronic, excessive worry for a prolonged period of time

-tense
-tired
-irritable

people with generalized anxiety disorder may feel:

-trembling
-palpitations
-sweating
-dizziness
-nausea
-diarrhea
-frequent urination

other symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder include:

twice as many women as men

who does generalized anxiety disorder affect more?

social anxiety disorder (social phobia)

are intensely afraid of any social or performance situation in which they might embarrass or humiliate themselves in front of others—by shaking, blushing, sweating, or in some other way appearing clumsy, foolish, or incompetent

performance anxiety

commonly called stage fright

phobia

a persistent, irrational fear of an object, situation, or activity that poses no real danger (or whose danger is blown out of proportion)

specific phobia

is a marked fear of a specific object or situation

intense anxiety, even to the point of shaking or screaming

Faced with the object or situation they fear, people who have a specific phobia experience:

claustrophobia

fear of enclosed or narrow spaces

ablutobphobia

fear of washing or bathing

glossophobia

fear of public speaking

gynephobia

fear or dislike of women

lactophobia

fear of milk

haptephobia

fear of being touched

hemophobia

fear of blood

xenophobia

fear of strangers/foreigners

erythrophobia

fear of the color red/blushing

Timothy Brown

has argued convincingly that GAD and social anxiety disorder are manifestations of the Big Five personality trait of neuroticism

people who are high in neuroticism

may worry about the exam so much that they can't sleep or eat, and they may irritate those around them by constantly talking about how stressed they are over the exam.

behavior modification

in which people with phobias are reinforced for exposing themselves to fearful stimuli

public speaking

the number one fear reported by American adults in surveys

fear of being embarrassed or of being judged negatively by others

Much of the fear of public speaking stems from:

Not true; no audience expects perfection

To succeed, a speaker has to perform perfectly
T or F

Not true; all you need is two or three main points

A good speaker presents as many facts and details about the subject as possible
T or F

Not true; you can't please everyone, and it's a waste of time to try to do so

If some members of the audience aren't paying attention, the speaker needs to do something about it
T or F

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder in which a person has recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions

Obsessions

are persistent, involuntary thoughts, images, or impulses that invade consciousness and cause a person great distress

hoarding disorder

cannot discard unwanted items because doing so makes them feel unbearably anxious. Many people with this condition buy or collect objects they do not need because failing to do so triggers painful bouts of anxiety

compulsions

persistent, irresistible, irrational urges to perform an act or ritual repeatedly

normal aversions are taken to extremes

Thus, the problem in OCD is that:

-early autoimmune diseases
-early strep infections
-changes in the brain caused by infection
-genes affecting serotonin
-traumatic experiences

But where does the tendency of individuals with OCD toward extreme responses come from?

PTSD symptoms sometimes increase

what happens when OCD symptoms subside following treatment?

depressive disorders

disorders characterized by extreme and unwarranted disturbances in emotion or mood

bipolar disorders

a mood disorder in which manic episodes alternate with periods of depression, usually with relatively normal periods in between

major depressive disorder

feel an overwhelming sadness, despair, and hopelessness, and they usually lose their ability to experience pleasure. They may have changes in appetite, weight, or sleep patterns; loss of energy; and difficulty in thinking or concentrating

psychomotor disturbances
-slowed body movements, reaction time, and speech
-constantly moving and fidgeting, wringing their hands, pacing

key symptoms of major depressive disorder

-40% of people diagnosed with depression are without symptoms
-40% still have the disorder
-20% are depressed, but not enough to warrant a diagnosis of major depression

According to the American Psychiatric Association (2000), 1 year after their initial diagnosis of major depressive disorder:

antidepressant drugs

for many, recovery is aided by:

females and for individuals with an onset of depression before age 15

the risk of recurrence for people with major depressive disorder are greater for:

-medication
-psychotherapy
-social support
-physical exercise

according to most researchers, what may play some role in the prevention of recurrent episodes of depression?

manic episodes

The "highs" of the bipolar disorders

-excessive euphoria
-inflated self esteem
-wild optimism
-hyperactivity

manic episodes are marked by:

bipolar I disorder

People who exhibit manic episodes that lead to self-destructive behavior that is out of touch with reality

bipolar I disorder

a man who withdraws all of his money from the bank and flies off to a foreign country to invest in a real estate development he read about on the Internet because he is certain that doing so will make him a billionaire

bipolar II disorder

Those whose manic episodes are milder and do not lead to dysfunctional behavior of this kind

late adolescence or early adulthood

bipolar disorders tend to appear in:

lithium and divalproex

individuals with bipolar I disorder can manage their symptoms, and thereby live a normal life, with the help of drugs such as:

bipolar II disorder

what bipolar disorder tends to be chronic and more resistant to treatment

periods of depressed mood

what is more frequent in bipolar II disorder?