Anatomy midterm practice

Transversus abdominis

Deepest layer of the abdominal wall.

Axial Skeleton

Includes bones such as the sternum.

Scalenes

Muscle that elevates the first two ribs.

Intermediate Cuneiform

Bone that sits directly under the third toe of the foot.

Vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and rectus femoris

Quadricep muscles that share the same insertion point at the patella and tibial tuberosity.

Rectus femoris

Muscle that is part of the quadriceps femoris.

Biceps brachii

Muscle responsible for flexing the forearm at the elbow.

Internal intercostals

Muscles that originate at the inferior border of the rib.

Transverse plane

Divides the body into upper and lower portions.

Gracilis

Muscle that is not a part of the hamstrings.

Infraspinous fossa

Structure located on the posterior surface of the scapula.

Cervical vertebrae

Contains transverse foramen, a unique characteristic not seen in thoracic or lumbar vertebrae.

Laminectomy

Procedure that results in easing pressure on the spinal cord or the nerve roots.

Protraction

Directional term describing the motion of opening your mouth.

Sphenoid bone

Articulates with all other cranial bones.

Melanocytes

Structures responsible for accumulating melanin.

Levator scapulae

Originates from the transverse processes of C5-C7.

Iliopsoas

Prime mover for thigh flexion.

Dendritic cells

Immune cells on the skin that detect pathogens.

Buccinator

Inserts at the orbicularis oris.

Humerus

Bone that is part of the human arm.

Thick skin

Layer of skin that contains specific characteristics not found in thin skin.

Stratum corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis.

Stratum lucidum

A thin, clear layer of dead skin cells found only in the thick skin of the palms and soles.

Stratum granulosum

A layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes begin to lose their nuclei and become more flattened.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis where cell division occurs.

Abductor pollicis longus

A muscle that is the most lateral in a human positioned in the anatomical position.

Triangle of auscultation

Formed by the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and scapula.

Flexor retinaculum

A structure that serves as a primary stabilizer of the wrist and is involved in the flexion of the wrist.

Red marrow

The structure directly involved in hematopoiesis (the production of blood cells).

Sternum

A bone that is part of the axial skeleton.

Adductor magnus muscle

Its anterior part assists in adduction and medial rotation of the thigh as well as thigh flexion; the posterior part acts as a synergist in thigh extension with the hamstrings.

Deltoid

The muscle involved in the abduction of the arm.

Zygomaticus Major

The muscle used to smile.

Supraspinatus

The muscle responsible for initiating the abduction of the arm.

Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

Two muscles that share the same insertion point on the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.

Trapezium Bone

A wrist bone.

Posterior cruciate ligament

The ligament primarily responsible for preventing excessive posterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur.

Teres minor muscle

The muscle that primarily performs lateral rotation of the arm.

Scaphoid and Lunate

The carpal bones that articulate with the radius.

Mentalis and Depressor anguli oris

Two muscles responsible for depressing the lower lip/pouting.

Lateral ligament

The structure in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) that prevents the posterior displacement of the mandible.

Tibia

The bone that forms the medial border of the lower part of the leg.

Subscapularis

The muscle responsible for the medial rotation of the arm.

Scapula

The muscle that elevates the scapula.

Rhomboid minor

A muscle that retracts the scapula.

Infraspinatus

A muscle that laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder joint.

Mandible

The lower jawbone in the human body.

Rectus Abdominis

A muscle that is not a part of the forearm.

Medial pterygoid

Inserts on the medial surface of the mandible near its angle.

Lateral pterygoid

Inserts on the lateral surface of the mandible.

Periosteum

Serves as a protective outer covering and supplies blood and nutrients to the bone.

Cervical region

The region of the spine associated with C1 to C7 vertebrae.

Thoracic Vertebrae

Characterized by a long, sharp spinous process pointed inferiorly.

Teres major

Muscle that originates from the inferior angle of the scapula and inserts on the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus.

SITS muscles

Responsible for abduction, medial rotation, and lateral rotation of the arm.

Temporal bone

Contains structures such as the zygomatic process.

Deep

Describes being more internal or further away from the body surface.

Commonality of rotator cuff muscles

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Teres Minor share origin at the superior border of the scapula.

Carpal bone

A term that does not include the manubrium.

Lunate

Trapezium

Metacarpal

Scaphoid

Maxillary Sinus

Most inferior sinus on the head.

Deltoid Muscles

Best classified as multipennate.

Agonistic and Antagonistic Motions

In throwing a football, involve flexion and extension.

Circumduction

Rotation of a limb in a full, complete circle.

ABCD's of Melanoma

Asymmetrical, irregular border, colour changes, diameter.

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

Located on the ilium and serves as a key attachment point for muscles of the lower limb.

Greater Sciatic Notch

Located posterior and inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine.

Directional Relationships

The infraspinatus is deep to the deltoid.

Femur Functionality

The ball-like head of the femur allows for a wide range of motion.

Strata in Thick Skin Epidermis

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale.

Atlas and Axis

Atlas holds up the head, Axis allows for rotation in the neck.

SITS Muscles Actions

Supraspinatus (abduction of arm), infraspinatus (lateral rotation of arm), teres minor (lateral rotation of arm), subscapularis (medial rotation of arm).

Insertion Location of the Diaphragm

Central Tendon.

Unique Feature of the Atlas

Anterior arch and Anterior tubercle.

Prime Mover of Arm Abduction

Deltoid.

Ala

The slightly smooth surface inferior to the iliac tuberosity

Lumbar vertebrae location

Located directly between the thoracic and sacral vertebrae

Sartorius

Muscle that originates from the anterior superior iliac spine, inserts on the medial surface of the tibia, and is responsible for flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of the hip

Herniated disc

Main consequence of repetitive flexion in the cervical and lumbar regions

Melanoma diagnosis characteristics

Diameter, Asymmetry, Texture, Border

Reticular layer function

Network of irregular connective tissue made up of collagen, that allows blood and nutrients to be transported within the layers of skin

Trochanter

A large, blunt projection found exclusively on the femur, serving as an attachment site for muscles

Carotene pigment

Orange-yellow

Haversian canal

Ring-like layer surrounding the haversian canal (osteon) within the compact bone

Plantar flexion

Exhibits a down motion away from the body

Sebaceous glands secretion

Secrete oily sebum into hair follicles for lubrication and antibacterial action

Innominate bone

Bone that articulates with the axial skeleton at the sacroiliac (SI) joint

Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major

Muscles that share the action of adducting the arm

Dorsiflexion

Movement where toes are raised closer to the shin while keeping the ankle on the ground

Iliacus

Psoas major

Adductor brevis

Piriformis

Originates at the sacrum and inserts at the greater trochanter.

Glenohumeral joint

Formed by the scapula and humerus.

Biceps brachii insertion point

The radial tuberosity.

Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi actions

Medial rotation and adduction.