Food Science Final Review

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts from the lecture.

Why is water a good solvent?

It readily bonds to solutes because of its polarity.

True or False: Oils contain significant amounts of bound water.

False

What does metabolic water most accurately refer to?

Water generated as a byproduct of metabolism.

True or False: Removing water from a food will prevent microbial spoilage.

False

Thirst comes from bodies measuring the concentration of _ in our blood.

Ions

Which statement about water in the human body is incorrect?

Water helps retain waste products.

What best describes the main difference between a simple and complex carbohydrate?

Simple carbohydrates are made of fewer monomers than complex carbohydrates.

What is another name for simple carbohydrates?

Sugar

Water (H20) and carbon dioxide (C02) are turned into carbohydrates by plants in a process known as what?

Photosynthesis

The energy required to perform this chemical reaction, H20 + C02 -> C6H12O6, comes from what?

The sun

Which is a structural (not used as an energy store) polysaccharide?

Cellulose

Which carbohydrate is least digestible by humans?

Cellulose

What food would provide the most fiber?

Celery

Carbohydrates are made up only of which elements?

C, H, O

Which of the following is not a type of carbohydrates?

Unisaccharides

True or False: Starch is extensively digested and/or fermented and yields many glucose molecules.

True

What food is high in lipids?

Olive oil

If you mixed a food that is high in lipids with water, what would you expect?

The food to remain undissolved.

Which has the highest amount of energy per gram?

Lipids

What part of the lipid molecule gives its hydrophobic characteristics?

Long carbon chain

A fully saturated lipid molecule will what?

Have a higher melting temperature than water

What are the different types of lipids?

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

True or False: A main difference between fats and oils is that oils are liquid at room temperature.

True

True or False: Lipids are a major constituent of the membrane of living cells.

True

What is a type of cell in your body that contains a high amount of lipid stores?

Adipocyte

True or False: Some vitamins require fats to be efficiently utilized

True

Like many of the compounds we have studied in class, protein are polymers. The monomers that make up proteins are what?

Amino acids

Approximately how many amino acids are there?

20

What is the most important function of amino acids?

Building blocks for cellular proteins

We talked about storage proteins and functional proteins. In the examples we talked about, which tend to be inside cells?

Functional proteins

Ovalbumin was an example of a storage protein in what food?

Eggs

True or False: We typically have around 5000 genes that encode for proteins.

False

True or False: The gluten matrix in bread is made largely of proteins.

True

True or False: Beef has a higher protein content per gram than chicken.

True

Which food has the highest Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS)?

Hard-boiled egg

Which of the following has experienced the largest decreases in price over the past 200 years?

Spices

True or False: Spices are essential for nutrition

False

Taste buds consist of what?

Taste receptor cells and support cells

Taste buds detect what?

Tastants

Taste receptors are themselves what?

Protein receptors

True or False: We can detect more smells than tastes

True

We can detect five kinds of tastes, which is thought to be responsible for sensing savory foods?

Umami

Salt is an important and simple spice. Why does it dissolve so well in water?

It dissociates into charged ions that interact with water molecules

True or False: The chemical in pepper (piperidine) responsible for making it hot activates taste receptor cells.

False

_ is the common name for sodium chloride (NaCl).

Salt

Table sugar is what?

Sucrose

Unrefined cane sugar contains 10% what?

Molasses

Sweet corn undergoes enzymatic processing to produce what?

HFCS

Which is sweetest?

Fructose

True or False: Sugar substitutes are less sweet than table sugar.

False

Artificial sweeteners can provide health benefits because what?

They generally aren’t digested

True or False: Sugar alcohols are found naturally in plants.

True

The Millard reaction occurs between what?

Sugars and amino acids

Caramelization is a reaction between what?

Sugars

In what time period were food regulation laws enacted?

1900-1950

True or False: naturally occurring food extracts (e.g., sassafras root bark oil) cannot be added to other foods unless they undergo safety testing.

True

About how many food dyes are allowed in the USA?

6-10

Emulsifiers are used to combine what?

foods with different properties

The human GI tract system is 350 cm long with 3 major sections: the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine. True or False?

True

Digestion is what?

The process of breaking down food into absorbable nutrients

The average adult requires about calories per day for basic (non-exercise) functions.

1500-2500

Which of the following roughly equates to the amount of energy burned by the average adult per day?

Running a LED light for 12 hours.

Which of the following accounts for most of the calorie usage of an average low exercise adult?

Basal metabolic rate

Where are most of the nutrients that we eat absorbed?

Small intestine

True or False: Digestion begins in the mouth.

True

True or False: The stomach is surrounded by muscle.

True

Which factor is most important is breaking down proteins in the stomach?

Acidity

Which of the following is absorbed though transporters in the gut endothelium?

Amino acids

Metabolism is what?

The utilization of absorbed nutrients

What is an important implication of fats being absorbed into the lymphatic system instead of directly into the bloodstream like other nutrients?

Fat-soluble drugs avoid direct delivery to the liver (1st pass metabolism)

Chylomicrons, LDLs, HDLs are what?

Fat globules that transport lipids throughout the body

Catabolism and anabolism are opposite processes in metabolism. Catabolism is how our bodies break down absorbed molecules like glucose into smaller molecules to create energy. What is anabolism used for?

To construct molecules needed by our bodies but not acquired in our food.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is what?

A molecule used by our cells to store energy (energy carrier).

Which is described as a chemical (non-immunogenic) response to foods?

Food intolerance

Which causes a risk for anaphylactic shock?

Food allergy

Which is faster to respond to pathogens?

Innate immune system

Colonization of the human GI tract by microorganisms is influenced by many factors except__.

Peristalsis

Probiotic foods do what?

Contain live microorganisms

Prebiotic foods do what?

Promote the growth of microorganisms already in the digestive tract

Which location in the body houses the most bacteria?

Large intestine

The human gut microbiome is usually fully developed by the age of what?

Around 3 years of age

Antibiotics impact which of these gut microorganisms the most?

Bacteria

The average human contains 400+ species of bacteria. True or False?

True

Humans usually contain more bacterial cells than human cells. True or False?

True

Which type of biological hazard causes most foodborne illness?

Bacteria

Which are always intracellular pathogens?

Viruses

Which two are used to control bacterial pathogens?

antibiotics and bacteriophages

Which is an important bacterial foodborne pathogen?

Salmonella

Which is not a common way of preventing foodborne illness?

Vaccination

True or False: Norovirus can replicate on food.

False

True or False: Bacteriophages cause significant disease in humans.

False

True or False: Most foodborne illnesses are undiagnosed (no determination of cause).

True

Which of the following statements about freeze-drying is incorrect?

Freeze-drying utilizes ultraviolet light (UV) technology for drying purposes.

Which of the following statements about pasteurization is incorrect?

Pasteurization kills spore forming pathogenic bacteria.

Which of the following is an antimicrobial used in cured meats?

Nitrites

Which of the following statements is correct about water activity (aw) in foods?

Water activity represents available water in foods.

What agency is responsible for monitoring food labels?

Food and Drug Administration

Food labels are not required for what?

Fresh fruits and vegetables

True or False: Serving size is based on the recommended amount of that food you should eat.

False

Products from the Maillard reaction do what?

Provide flavor