Apwhunit 8 vocab part 2

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader of Ghana's independence from Britain and first Prime Minister; promoted Pan-Africanism and was a symbol of African decolonization.

Charles de Gaulle

French military leader and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II and later served as President of France, advocating for French independence and reform.

Ho chi minh

Vietnamese revolutionary leader who co-founded the Viet Minh, led the fight for Vietnam's independence from French colonial rule, and later served as the first President of North Vietnam.

Gamal abdel nasser

Egyptian military officer and political leader, who became the second President of Egypt. He was a key figure in the Arab nationalist movement and worked towards modernizing Egypt and promoting pan-Arab unity.

Suez crisis

A diplomatic and military confrontation in 1956 involving Egypt, Israel, Britain, and France, sparked by Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal.

Quiet revoloution

A period of rapid social and political change in Quebec during the 1960s, marked by reforms that transformed the province's society, economy, and governance, increasing secularism and nationalism.

Muslim league

A political organization in British India that aimed to protect the interests of Muslims and advocate for their rights, ultimately leading to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Viet cong

The communist-led guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought against the United States and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War.

Six day war

A brief conflict in June 1967 between Israel and neighboring Arab countries, resulting in significant territorial gains for Israel.

Yom kippur war

A conflict in October 1973 between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria, aimed at regaining territories lost in the Six-Day War.

Camp David accords

A peace agreement signed in 1978 between Israel and Egypt under U.S. President Jimmy Carter that aimed to normalize relations and resolve territorial disputes.

Prague Spring (1968)

A period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during 1968, marked by reforms and a brief attempt to establish a more democratic government, which was ultimately suppressed by Soviet intervention.

Shinig path

A militant Marxist-Leninist group in Peru, known for its violent insurgency against the government starting in the 1980s, aiming to establish a communist state.

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

An organization founded in 1964 to create an independent State of Palestine and to represent the Palestinian people internationally, often involved in armed struggle and diplomacy.

Fatah

A major political party and faction within the PLO, founded by Yasser Arafat, which advocates for Palestinian nationalism and has historically been involved in both armed struggle and political negotiations.

hamas

A Palestinian Islamist political and militant group founded in 1987, known for its social welfare programs and its opposition to Israel, which it seeks to establish as an Islamic state in historic Palestine.

Muslim League

A political party in the Indian subcontinent founded in 1906 that advocated for the rights of Muslims and played a crucial role in the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Veit Cong

A communist guerrilla group that fought against the South Vietnamese government and its U.S. allies during the Vietnam War, known for its use of unconventional warfare tactics.

metropole

the dominant center of an empire, often referring to the parent state in contrast to its colonies.

lmre nagy

A Hungarian politician who led a government in 1956 advocating for reforms and attempted to withdraw Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, ultimately leading to his removal by Soviet intervention.

Alexander Dubček

A Czechoslovak politician who is best known for his attempts to reform the communist government during the Prague Spring in 1968, promoting a more liberalized form of socialism.

Brezhnev Doctrine

The Soviet policy asserting the right to intervene in the affairs of socialist countries to maintain communist governments.

Brezhnev Doctrine

This policy justified the Soviet Union's military interventions in countries like Czechoslovakia to preserve communism and prevent any form of reform or liberalization that could threaten Soviet influence.

Irish Republican Army (IRA)

A paramilitary organization that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland and reunify Ireland through armed struggle.

Ulster Defence Association (UDA)

A loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland that aimed to maintain British rule and prevent Irish unification through violence and intimidation.

Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA)

A separatist organization in Spain that sought independence for the Basque Country through armed struggle, advocating for self-determination.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

A prominent leader in the American civil rights movement, known for advocating nonviolent resistance and delivering the famous "I Have a Dream" speech, fighting for racial equality and justice.

Nelson Mandela

A South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader who served as the country's first black president. He was instrumental in dismantling apartheid and promoting racial reconciliation.

Ronald Reagan

The 40th president of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989, known for his conservative policies, economic reforms dubbed "Reaganomics," and significant role in ending the Cold War.

Mikhail Gorbachev

The last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, known for his policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), which contributed to the end of the Cold War.

Détente

A period of eased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, characterized by negotiations and arms control agreements.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

A series of negotiations and agreements between the United States and the Soviet Union aimed at limiting the number of nuclear weapons and establishing frameworks for arms control during the Cold War.

Perestroika

A political and economic reform policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, aimed at restructuring the economy and increasing openness.

Glasnost

A policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev that promoted transparency, freedom of expression, and open discussion in government and society, contributing to the end of Soviet censorship.

INF Treaty (1987)

A landmark agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union that eliminated all intermediate-range and shorter-range nuclear missiles, marking a significant step towards nuclear disarmament.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

A proposed missile defense system put forward by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1983, aimed at protecting the United States from nuclear missile attacks through the use of ground-based and space-based systems.