Extra Credit For MF BIOLOGY!!!!!

William Harvey (1628)

- Accomplishment: Discovered that blood circulates continuously throughout the body and is pumped by the heart.

- Major Thing: He proved the heart works as a mechanical pump and corrected the understanding of the circulatory system.

Robert Hooke (1665)

- Accomplishment: Observed cork under a microscope and coined the term "cells."

- Major Thing: Introduced the concept of cells as the basic unit of life.

Francesco Redi (1668)

- Accomplishment: Conducted experiments showing that maggots arise from flies, not from rotting meat.

- Major Thing: Provided the first strong evidence against spontaneous generation.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

- Accomplishment: Improved the microscope and was the first to observe single-celled organisms (bacteria, protozoa).

- Major Thing: Opened up the microscopic world, leading to the field of microbiology.

Carolus Linnaeus (1735)

- Accomplishment: Developed the system of binomial nomenclature (scientific naming of organisms).

- Major Thing: Created the basis for modern taxonomy and classification of living things.

Luigi Galvani (1781)

- Accomplishment: Discovered "animal electricity" by showing that electrical impulses could cause muscle contractions in frogs.

- Major Thing: Laid the foundation for the study of bioelectricity and neurology.

Edward Jenner (1796)

- Accomplishment: Developed the first successful smallpox vaccine using material from cowpox sores.

- Major Thing: Started the science of immunology and vaccination.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809)

- Accomplishment: Proposed that organisms evolve through the inheritance of acquired traits.

- Major Thing: Early (though incorrect) theory of evolution that influenced later evolutionary studies.

Georges Cuvier (1825)

- Accomplishment: Developed the science of paleontology and supported the idea of extinction.

- Major Thing: Showed that species could go extinct, which challenged previous beliefs about life being unchanging.

Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann (1838, 1839)

- Accomplishment: Proposed that all plants (Schleiden) and animals (Schwann) are made of cells.

- Major Thing: Formed the foundation of the cell theory — all living things are made of cells.

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

- Accomplishment: Stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells ("Omnis cellula e cellula").

- Major Thing: Completed the cell theory by explaining cell reproduction.

Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace (1859)

- Accomplishment: Developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

- Major Thing: Provided the primary explanation for the diversity of life on Earth.

Louis Pasteur (1865)

- Accomplishment: Disproved spontaneous generation with swan-neck flask experiments and developed pasteurization.

- Major Thing: Helped establish germ theory and improved food safety.

Gregor Mendel (1866)

-Accomplishment: Discovered the basic principles of heredity through pea plant experiments.

-Major Thing: Became the father of modern genetics.

Robert Koch (1882)

- Accomplishment: Identified the bacteria that cause tuberculosis.

-Major Thing: Proved that specific microbes cause specific diseases, supporting germ theory.

Thomas H. Morgan (1910)

- Accomplishment: Showed that genes are located on chromosomes by studying fruit flies.

- Major Thing: Linked genes to physical locations in cells, helping create modern genetics.

Alexander Fleming (1928)

- Accomplishment: Discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, from mold.

- Major Thing: Revolutionized medicine by introducing antibiotics to fight bacterial infections.

Hans A. Krebs (1937)

- Accomplishment: Identified the series of chemical reactions known as the Krebs cycle.

- Major Thing: Explained how cells generate energy from food.

George Beadle & Edward Tatum (1940)

- Accomplishment: Proved that genes control specific enzymes using bread mold.

- Major Thing: Formed the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis, connecting genetics to biochemistry.

Melvin Calvin & Andrew Benson (1945)

- Accomplishment: Mapped the steps of the Calvin cycle, which plants use to make sugar.

- Major Thing: Explained the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.

Barbara McClintock (1950)

- Accomplishment: Discovered "jumping genes" or transposons in corn.

- Major Thing: Proved that genes can move within the genome, changing how we understand DNA.

Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase (1952)

- Accomplishment: Demonstrated that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material using viruses.

- Major Thing: Confirmed DNA carries genetic information in living organisms.

James Watson, Francis Crick, & Rosalind Franklin (1953)

- Accomplishment: Discovered the double-helix structure of DNA (using Franklin's X-ray data).

- Major Thing: Revealed how genetic information is stored and copied.

Stanley Miller & Harold Urey (1953)

- Accomplishment: Simulated early Earth conditions and created organic molecules like amino acids.

- Major Thing: Showed that life's building blocks could form naturally.

Linus Pauling (1954)

- Accomplishment: Studied the structure of proteins and how molecular shapes affect health.

- Major Thing: Helped launch molecular biology and biochemistry.

Jonas Salk (1954)

- Accomplishment: Developed the first effective vaccine for polio.

- Major Thing: Prevented a deadly disease and saved millions of lives.

Matthew Meselson & Franklin Stahl (1958)

- Accomplishment: Proved that DNA replicates in a semi-conservative way.

- Major Thing: Confirmed how DNA copies itself during cell division.

François Jacob & Jacques Monod (1961)

- Accomplishment: Discovered how genes are turned on and off in bacteria (gene regulation).

- Major Thing: Showed cells control gene activity, leading to advances in gene expression studies.

Rachel Carson (1962)

- Accomplishment: Wrote Silent Spring, warning about pesticide dangers.

- Major Thing: Sparked the modern environmental movement.

Lynn Margulis (1970)

- Accomplishment: Proposed the endosymbiotic theory — that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria.

- Major Thing: Changed our understanding of cell evolution and the origin of complex cells.

Stanley Cohen & Herbert Boyer (1973)

- Accomplishment: Created the first genetically modified organisms using recombinant DNA technology.

- Major Thing: Launched the field of genetic engineering and biotechnology.

Carl Woese (1977)

- Accomplishment: Discovered a new domain of life—Archaea—by comparing RNA sequences.

- Major Thing: Redrew the tree of life by identifying Archaea as separate from bacteria and eukaryotes.

Peter Mitchell (1978)

- Accomplishment: Proposed the chemiosmotic theory, explaining how ATP is made in mitochondria.

- Major Thing: Solved how cells generate energy, earning a Nobel Prize for explaining ATP synthesis.

R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, Kenneth W. Culver (1990)

- Accomplishment: Performed the first successful gene therapy on a human patient.

- Major Thing: Opened the door to treating genetic diseases by fixing faulty genes.

Ian Wilmut (1996)

- Accomplishment: Cloned the first mammal from an adult cell—Dolly the sheep.

- Major Thing: Proved cloning from adult cells was possible, raising new questions in genetics and ethics.

Human Genome Project (2003)

- Accomplishment: Completed sequencing of the entire human genome.

- Major Thing: Provided a complete genetic blueprint of humans, revolutionizing medicine and biology.

Craig Venter (2010)

- Accomplishment: Created the first synthetic cell by assembling DNA in the lab and bringing it to life.

- Major Thing: Marked a breakthrough in synthetic biology—life built from scratch.

Jennifer Doudna & Emmanuelle Charpentier (2012)

- Accomplishment: Developed CRISPR-Cas9, a precise gene-editing tool.

- Major Thing: Revolutionized genetic engineering by allowing scientists to edit DNA with accuracy and ease.