Diabetes

200

to be diagnosed with diabetes: plasma glucose concentration of random sample is ____mg/dL or higher, and experienced symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss

126

to be diagnosed with diabetes: plasma glucose concentration is ____ mg/dL after a fast of 8+ hours

6.5

to be diagnosed with diabetes: a1c blood test is ____% or greater

alcohol

in diabetics: _____ should be used in moderation, not consumed on an empty stomach (can cause hyperglycemia: interferes with glucose production in liver), and can results in high triglyceride levels

protein

nutrition requirements include lower fat intake, avoid high _____ diets, eat less sugar, and reduce alcohol consumption

insulin therapy

adjust food intake and ______ _______ during exercise to prevent hypoglycemia; blood glucose should be checked before and after exercise

carbs

if blood glucose is below 100 mg/dL, ______ should be consumed before exercise

if blood glucose is above 240 with ketosis/300 without ketosis, exercise should be avoided

lipid

exercise for type 2 diabetes can be beneficial for blood sugar control and optimal blood ____ levels

retinopathy

people with _______ may need to avoid heavy lifting or straining and people with peripheral nephropathy should be careful with activities like jogging and step exercises as they can lead to foot ulcerations

hypoglycemia

caused by taking too much insulin, inadequate food intake, too long between meals, skipped meals, excess physical activity, consumption of alcohol without food

hyperglycemia

more common in type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia of >600 mg/dL without presence of ketonemia, often a result of illness or infection, sometimes occurs with undiagnosed diabetes

15

to prevent hypoglycemia, 15g of absorbable carbs consumed and check blood glucose ___ minutes later (glucose tabs, fruit juice, soda, hard candies)

glucose

the best protection against hyperglycemia is regular _______ monitoring

basic

the ____ way to count carbs: meal pattern consistent from day to day, amount and timing of carb intake is same

insulin

the advanced way to count carbs is more flexible, patients must have ability to calculate both intake and corresponding ________ dose.

Best for patient taking multiple injections (basal 1-2x per day, bolus at meals).

Can be used without an insulin pump

1

Type __: 5-10% of diabetics, caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells that produce and secrete insulin, develops in childhood or adolescence,

2

Type __: most prevalent, primary cause is insulin resistance reduced sensitivity to insulin in muscle/adipose/liver cells, most cases diagnosed in people 45+, slow progression of disease

DKA

illness, infection, or injury can cause hormonal changes that raise blood sugar in type 1 diabetes, risk of _____ is increased

urine

person with type 1 diabetes should test blood sugar frequently and test _____ for ketones

ketosis

to avoid _______: carb intake of 150-200g is recommended (regular ginger ale, sports drink, fruit juice)

total carb intake

Interventions to reduce diabetes risk: AMDR for carbs is less than that of the general public, should not be less than 130g per day (sources: high fiber, whole grain carbs are more moderate on blood glucose than highly processed refined products)

fiber

Interventions to reduce diabetes risk: same as for general public, but higher intake are associated with better blood sugar control

sugar

Interventions to reduce diabetes risk: this does not need to be avoided, but consumption should be in line with healthy eating pattern

fat

Interventions to reduce diabetes risk: similar to those for other people at risk for CVD, saturated 7% of total calories, minimal intake of trans, less than 200mg cholesterol daily

protein

Interventions to reduce diabetes risk: requirements not changed, but high intake is discouraged as they may be detrimental to kidney function in some individuals

true

true or false:

micronutrients in diabetics should be the same as the general public

macrovascular

_______ complications of uncontrolled blood sugars long term: accelerate development of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries and arteries of limbs

microvascular

__________ complications: retinopathy (damage to small blood vessels in retina), nephropathy (damage to small blood vessels in kidneys)

neuropathy

nerve degeneration resulting in tingling, pain, or loss of sensation in hands or feet, and pain and cramping in legs