Anatomy Review: Muscles, Bones, and Nervous System

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering back and chest musculature, lower limb anatomy, cranial nerves, brain development, and the autonomic nervous system based on the lecture transcript.

Intrinsic back muscles

Deep muscles that develop in place, connect within the axial skeleton, and are innervated by dorsal rami, including the Splenius, Erector Spinae, and Transversospinalis.

Extrinsic back muscles

Superficial muscles that migrate during development, connect the axial skeleton to the appendicular skeleton, and are innervated by ventral rami.

Erector spinae group

A muscle group originating from the sacrum, iliac crest, and cervical vertebrae that extends the vertebral column and assists in lateral flexion.

Trapezius

A muscle originating from the occipital bone and spinous processes of $C7-T12$ that elevates, depresses, and retracts the scapula.

Latissimus dorsi

A muscle originating from spinous processes $T7-L5$, ribs $9-12$, the iliac crest, and sacrum; it inserts into the intertubercular groove of the humerus to extend, adduct, and medially rotate the arm.

Serratus anterior

A muscle originating from ribs $1-8$ and inserting on the medial border of the scapula, responsible for protracting the scapula.

Pectoralis major

A chest muscle originating from the clavicle, sternum, and ribs $1-6$ that flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm.

Acetabulum

The hip bone socket where the ilium, ischium, and pubis meet to articulate with the head of the femur.

Ischial tuberosity

A feature of the ischium that serves as the origin for the hamstring muscles and is further apart in the female pelvis.

Linea aspera

A ridge on the posterior shaft of the femur that serves as an insertion point for the adductor muscles and the vastus medialis.

Gluteus maximus

The largest gluteal muscle, originating from the sacrum, coccyx, and dorsal ilium; it functions in the extension, lateral rotation, and abduction of the hip.

Piriformis

A muscle originating from the sacrum and inserting on the greater trochanter that laterally rotates the hip and abducts the hip when flexed.

Iliacus

A muscle originating in the iliac fossa and inserting on the lesser trochanter that flexes and laterally rotates the thigh and flexes the trunk.

Rectus femoris

A member of the quadriceps group originating from the AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine) that extends the knee and flexes the hip.

Sartorius

The longest muscle in the body, originating from the ASIS and inserting on the medial anterior tibia; it flexes the knee and flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh.

Hamstring group

Consists of the Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus; these muscles generally extend the thigh and flex the knee.

Gastrocnemius

A posterior leg muscle originating from the femoral condyles and inserting on the calcaneus; it performs plantar flexion and knee flexion.

Tibialis anterior

A muscle of the anterior compartment of the leg that performs dorsiflexion and inversion; it is innervated by the deep fibular nerve.

Internal acoustic meatus

The skull foramen through which Cranial Nerve VII (Facial) and Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear) exit.

CN I (Olfactory nerve)

The cranial nerve responsible for the special visceral afferent (SVA) sense of smell, exiting via the olfactory foramina.

CN III (Oculomotor nerve)

An efferent nerve that moves the eyeball up, down, and medially, opens the eyelid, and controls pupillary constriction.

CN X (Vagus nerve)

A mixed nerve providing parasympathetic motor control to organs, swallowing, vocalization, and baroreception; it exits via the jugular foramen.

Telencephalon

A secondary brain vesicle that develops into the adult cerebrum and contains the lateral ventricles.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow

Secreted by the choroid plexus, it moves from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle, through the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle, and into the subarachnoid space.

Hypothalamus

A diencephalon region responsible for hormone secretion, autonomic effects, thermoregulation, food/water intake, and circadian rhythms.

Medulla oblongata

The brainstem region containing cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers; it is responsible for reflexes like coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.

Sympathetic division

The thoracolumbar division of the ANS ($T1-L2$) characterized by short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers; it prepares the body for 'fight or flight'.

Parasympathetic division

The craniosacral division of the ANS involving cranial nerves and spinal nerves $S2-S4$; it uses long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers for resting and digestion.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

The neurotransmitter used by all somatic motor neurons, all ANS preganglionic fibers, and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

Norepinephrine (NE)

The neurotransmitter typically released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers to act on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors.