Biology form 4 chapter 10 transport in animal and humans

Two types of circulatory system

open circulatory system and closed circulatory system

What are the differences between open and closed circulatory system?

Open circulatory system is the circulation of haemolymph in a open body chamber known as haemocoel. The haemolymph will flow directly into the haemocoel and bathes the cell and undergo substance exchange with the cells

Closed circulatory system is the circulation of blood in a closed vessel. The exchange of substance between cells and blood occurs through the walls of capillaries.

Describe the circulatory system of insects by the types of circulatory system, structure involving the circulatory system.

The type of circulatory system of an insects is an open circulatory system. When the heart contracts, haemolymph flows out from the heart into the haemocoel. Exchange of substance occurs in the haemocoel between the haemolymph and body cells. When the heart contracts, the haemolymph flows back into the heart through the ostium.

Describe the circulatory system of fish by the types of circulatory system, structure involving the circulatory system and the pathway.

The types of circulatory system of fish is a closed circulatory system and a single circulatory system. The system consist of one atrium and one ventricle. Deoxygenated blood flows from the ventricle, then to the atria, then to the lung capillaries to undergo gaseous exchange to be oxygenated. The oxygenated blood will then flow to the systemic capillaries to exchange substance with the body cells and become deoxygenated and flow back to the ventricle.

Describe the circulatory system of amphibians by the types of circulatory system, structure involving the circulatory system and the pathway.

The types of circulatory system of an amphibian is a closed circulatory system and an incomplete circulatory system due to oxygenated and deoxygenated mixes throughout the cycle. The system consist of 2 atria and 1 ventricle. The circulatory system of amphibians include pulmocutaneous circulation and systemic circulation.

The pulmocutaneous circulation starts at the ventricle and ends at the left atria. Deoxygenated blood flows from the right atria to the right side of the ventricle, then the blood flows to the lung capillaries to undergo gaseous exchange to be oxygenated. The oxygenated blood flows from the lung capillaries to the left atria.

The systemic circulation starts at the ventricle and ends at the right atria. Oxygenated blood at the left atria flows to the left side of the ventricle. The oxygenated blood will flow to the systemic capillaries to undergo substance exchange with the body cells and be deoxygenated. The deoxygenated blood flows from the systemic capillaries to the right atria.

Describe the circulatory system of humans by the types of circulatory system, structure involving the circulatory system and the pathway.

The types of circulatory system of a human is a closed circulatory system and a complete circulatory system because the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix. The system consist of two atria and two ventricles The circulation includes pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

The pulmonary circulation starts at the right ventricle and ends at the left atrium. Deoxygenated blood flows from the right ventricle to the lung capillaries through pulmonary artery to undergo gaseous exchange to be oxygenated. The oxygenated blood flows from the lung capillaries to the left atria through pulmonary veins.

The systemic circulation starts at the left ventricle and ends at the right atrium. The oxygenated blood flows from the left ventricle to the systemic capillaries though Aorta to undergo substance exchange with the body cells to be deoxygenated. The deoxygenated blood flows from the systemic capillaries to the right atria through vena cava.

What are the three main components of blood circulatory system?

Blood, Blood vessel and heart

What are the muscular wall that separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart?

Septum

Why is the wall of ventricle thicker and muscular than the walls of atria?

Atria mainly receives blood from the body while the ventricle mainly pumps blood to the body. Hence needing thicker and muscular walls for pumping blood. So the walls of ventricle is thicker than the walls of atria.

Why is the wall of left ventricle thicker and muscular than the walls of right ventricle?

Right ventricle mainly pumps blood to the lungs while left ventricle pumps blood to the whole body. Hence needing a thicker and muscular wall for pumping blood. So the walls of left ventricle is thicker and muscular than the walls of right ventricle.

What are the valve at the left atrium, right atrium, aorta/pulmonary artery

bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve, semilunar valve

what is the function of valves?

To ensure blood flows in one direction.

What are blood made out of?

Plasma and cell components

What are the components of plasma?

plasma proteins, water, nutrients, hormones and enzymes

What are the main three plasma proteins in blood plasma and what are thier functions?

Fibrinogen - blood clot

Albumin - control blood osmotic pressure

Globulin - Acts as antibody

What are the three cell components?

Erythrocytes, Platelets, Leucocytes

What are the characteristic and function of erythrocytes

Characteristics includes biconcave disc shape, No nucleus, produced from bone marrow. Function is that erythrocytes contain haemoglobin that binds with oxygen to transport oxygen to the whole body.

What are the characteristics and function of platelets.

Characteristics is that platelets is produced by scraps of cytoplasm. Its function is blood clotting.

What are the two types of leucocytes?

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

What are main three of granulocytes and their function?

Neutrophils kills bacteria and ingest dead cells by phagocytosis.

Eosinophil produces enzymes to fight inflammation and allergic reaction and kills parasites

Basophil produces histamine that promotes inflammation and heparin to prevent excessive blood clotting

What are the main two agranulocytes and their functions?

Lymphocytes produces antibody to kill bacteria and virus, and also produce antitoxin secreted by the bacteria and viruses.

Monocytes kills bacteria and ingest dead cells by phagocytosis.

Compare artery , capillaries and vein through wall, lumen, valve, blood pressure and direction of blood flow.

Artery has thick, muscular, and elastic walls. Small lumen. No valve except aorta and pulmonary artery. High blood pressure. Flows from heart to body

Capillaries has one cell thick wall that is not muscular or elastic. Very small lumen. No lumen. Low blood pressure. Flows from artery to veins

Veins has less thick, less muscular and thin walls. Very big lumen. Very low blood pressure. Have lumen. Flows from body to heart

What is myogenic muscle?

Myogenic muscle is a muscle that generates electrical impulse on its own without needing signals from the nervous system.

The contraction of the heart is coordinated by the ____.

Pacemaker

What is the main pacemaker?

Sinoatrial node

Explain the pathway of the pumping of heart through pacemaker.

Sinoatrial nodes generates electrical impulses and spread to both left and right atria, causing the atria to contract and pumps blood to the ventricles simultaneously. The electrical impulses is spread to the apex of the heart and to the wall of the left and right ventricles through atrioventricular nodes, bundle of His and Purkinje fibers. The left and right ventricles contract and pumps blood to the lung and systemic capillaries to undergo substance exchange.

What causes the “lub“ sound of the heart?

The closing of tricuspid and bicuspid valves

Explain the contraction of skeletal muscle aiding the blood flow from the calves back to the heart.

The skeletal muscle of the calves contracts and constricting the veins, valve is opened allowing the blood to flow back towards the heart. The valve is then closed to prevent backflow.

Explain the process of formation of blood clot when we accidentally cut our finger.

When we accidentally cut our finger, the coagulated platelets and damaged cells produces thrombokinase that promotes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin will also promotes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin that produces a insoluble mesh that clots the wound.

What is haemophilia?

Haemophilia is a type of disease that lacks blood clotting factors that prevents excessive blood loss.

What is thrombosis?

Thrombosis is a type of disease when blood clot accumulates at a certain area that causes a slow blood flow.

What is embolism?

Embolism is a type of disease when the vessel is blocked by the blood clot, causing the blood flow to stop.

What type of blood can blood group A donate to/be donated

Can donate to A,AB. Can be received from A and O.

What type of blood can blood group B donate to/be donated

Can donate to B,AB. Can be donated by B,O

What type of blood can blood group AB donate to/be donated

Can donate to AB. Can be donated by A,B,AB,O

What type of blood can blood group O donate to/be donated

Can donate to A,B,AB,O. Can be donated by O

What is meant by Rh-positive blood/Rh-negative blood

Blood that has/has no antigen D

Explain why the second child die while the first child is not affected when a Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive father have kids? Explain the whole process.

When a Rh-negative mother and a Rh-positive father have a Rh-positive child, The foetal blood containing antigen D will flow to the blood circulatory system of the Rh-negative mother during the last month of pregnancy. The blood of the mother will produce anti-D antibody that destroy the antigen D from the foetal blood. The first child is not affected by the anti-D antibody produced by the mother because the concentration of anti-D antibody is not lethal. Foetal blood containing antigen D will be completely destroyed before or immediately destroyed after birth. The concentration of anti-D antibody will accumulate in the Rh-negative mother.

When both parents are having a second child which is also Rh-positive, the high concentration of anti-D antibody in the mother’s blood will destroy the blood of the foetus causing the baby to die.

What are the disease called when a baby dies due to Rh factor?

Erythroblastosis fetalis

in a less serious scenario, what will happen to the baby if the baby survives erythroblastosis fetalis?

mental retardation and anaemia.

how to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?

replace foetal blood through blood transfusion process.

What is atherosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis is a coronary disease involving the deposition of plaque on the vessel wall that narrow the lumen of the capillaries.

what will hypertension cause?

Artery will break and causes stroke.

What is angina?

Angina is the chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the heart due to the narrowing of the coronary artery.

What is arteriosclerosis?

Arteriosclerosis is a disease when calcium is deposited to the plaque on the wall of the capillaries that reduces the elasticity and become hard.

Explain the formation of tissue fluid when blood transport from arteriole to the venule.

When blood reaches to the arteriole, due to the high pressure of the arteriole caused by the small diameter of the arteriole and the pumping of heart, plasma is diffuse into the intercellular space and is called tissue fluid. Tissue fluid will exchange substances with the cell through diffusion. When tissue fluid reaches the venule, because of the low pressure at the venule and the blood plasma is hypertonic compared to the tissue fluid, the part of the tissue fluid will diffuse back into the capillaries while the remaining tissue fluid will be transport back by the lymphatic system.

What are the main differences between tissue fluid and lymph.

Lymph has a higher content of lymphocytes and fat and fat soluble compared to tissue fluid.

What are the main differences between blood and lymph.

Blood contains erythrocytes, plasma protein, platelets while lymph dont.

What are the organs involved in the lymphatic system?

Tonsils, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, appendix

What are the necessities of lymphatic system

Aid the blood circulatory system by transporting tissue fluid back to the main vessel to maintain the pressure and volume of the blood at a normal range.

Act as a body defence by producing lymphocytes.

Transportation of fat and fat soluble by lacteal

What causes oedema?

Pregnancy, long bedridden patients, lack of plasma protein, parasitic infection such as Brugia sp.