Translation and RNA Splicing

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Flashcards related to RNA Splicing, Translation, and related concepts.

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29 Terms

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Introns

Sequences found in pre-mRNA that may regulate gene expression.

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Alternative RNA splicing

The process where some genes encode more than one kind of polypeptide, depending on which segments are treated as exons during splicing.

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Modular architecture consisting of domains

Discrete regions that proteins often have, with different exons coding for the different domains of a protein.

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Exon shuffling

A process that may result in the evolution of new proteins.

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Translation

The conversion of coded information (after transcription and processing) into a sequence of amino acids.

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Translation

The synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of mRNA.

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Adaptors

Connect amino acids to mRNA.

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Complimentary base pairing

Copying or transferring information from nucleic acid to nucleic acid.

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Genetic Code Problem

Both DNA and RNA use 4 'letters' each, while proteins have 20 'letters'.

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Nucleotide triplets

The smallest possible unit to cover all 20 amino acids, each triplet is called a codon.

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Degenerate code

Each amino acid is represented by multiple codons.

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Reading the Code

Each 3 nucleotides represents an amino acid and the code is nonoverlapping.

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Reading the Code

Extracting correct information requires the correct start site and Reading Frame.

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Extraordinary conservation of the genetic code

Indication of commonality in all living organisms

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Francis Crick proposed the presence of an Adaptor

Connect the two polymers(RNA template and amino acids)

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Crick’s Adaptor Hypothesis - 20 Adaptors

One for each of the 20 amino acids, with one site for binding to an amino acid and one site for binding to the codon on the mRNA template.

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Attachment of Amino Acid to tRNA

Uses tRNA Synthetase enzyme.

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Ribosomes

Very large macromolecular machines that contain both RNA and protein (RNPs).

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Initiation, Elongation (and Translocation), Termination

Translation is divided into these 3 phases.

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Forming the Initiation Complex

Sets the reading frame.

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Translocation:

Ribosome moves in 3' direction.

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Elongation and Translocation Repeat

Protein built in N-term to C-term Direction Continues until Stop Codon.

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Making Lots of Protein from a Single Gene

A gene can be transcribed repeatedly resulting in many copies of the mRNA.

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Polyribosome

One mRNA can be simultaneously translated by many ribosomes.

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Posttranslational Modifications

Folding, Covalent Attachments, S-S Bridge, Proteolytic Cleavage, Multi-subunit Association

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Protein Targeting

Proteins have amino acid signals that direct the proteins to the right place.

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Nuclear Localization Sequence (NLS)

Small sequence of C-terminal amino acids common on some nuclear proteins.

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Protein Targeting II

Proteins destined for the Endomembrane System or for secretion begin on free ribosomes and then move to the RER membrane.

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Mutation

Change in genetic sequence.