biol 282 chapter 3
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28 Terms
Monohybrid corss
A corss (mating) involving only one pair of contrasting traits.
P
Paternal generation.
F1
Filial generation, offspring.
Particulate unit factors
What Mendel used to to call genes as they were yet undiscovered.
Mendel’s 1st Postulate
Unit factors exist in pairs.
Heterozygous
Two different alleles.
Homozygous
Two of the same allele.
Medel’s 2nd Postulate
In the pair of unit factors for a single characteristic in an individual, one unit factor is dominant and the other is recessive.
Dominant
Allele fully expressed.
Recessive
Allele is completely masked.
Medel’s 3rd Postulate
The paired unit factors segregate independtly during gamete formation.
Dihybrid cross
Involves two pairs of contrasting traits.
Medel’s 4th Postulate
Traits assort independently during gamete formation.
Testcross
Determines if an individual displaying dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous for that trait. Cross between dominant phenotype and homozygous recessive.
Trihybrid cross
Involves three independent traits.
What are unit factors really?
They are genes located on homologous pairs of chromosomes.
What happens to pairs of homologs during gamete formation?
They separate.
What does independent assortment lead to?
Genetic variation.
Product law
The probability of two indpendent events occurring at the same time.
Sum law
The probability of one or two mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilites.
What happens to deviation as the sample size increases?
The deviation decreases.
Conditional probability
Used to calculate the probability of an outcome that is dependent on a specific condition related to that outcome.
Chi-squared
Chance of deviation from an expected outcome is diminished by larger group size.
Null hypothesis
Assuming that there is no real difference between the measured vaules and predicted values.
What does it mean to reject a null hypothesis
It means the observed deviation is not due to chance alone.
What does it mean to fail to reject a null hypothesis?
It means the observed deviation is attributed to chance.
What is chi-squared foruma
x² = Sum of (o-e)²/2.
How to find degrees of freedom?
You do the number of outcomes minus 1.