Final Review

Normal ranges for PCO2 and PO2

PCO2 = 35-45 mmHg; PO2 = 80-100 mmHg

Normal physiologic pH of blood plasma

7.35-7.45

Lower pH indicates higher concentration of __ and more __ solution

H+ ions; acidic

Higher pH represents __ concentration of __ and more alkaline solution

lower; H+ ions

What happens to H+ and K+ when blood pH drops below 7.35?

H+ enters the cell; K+ exits the cell

Major cation in intracellular spaces

Potassium

Calcium function

Major cation for structure of bones and teeth

Sodium function

Major cation in extracellular fluid; neuronal function

Chloride function

Helps maintain pH; losses associated with vomiting

Magnesium function

High levels can cause nerve paralysis in obstetric patients

Potassium function

Major intracellular cation; cardiac function

Definition of increased capillary permeability

Proteins escape vascular bed, causing edema

Cellular metabolism of fats/carbs produces __ which combines with __ forming carbonic acid

CO2; H2O

Acid-base terms: Acid

donates H+

Acid-base terms: CO2

volatile gas, combines with water → H2CO3

Acid-base terms: Carbonic anhydrase

enzyme catalyzing CO2 + H2O

Acid-base terms: H2CO3

dissociates into CO2 + H2O

Acid-base terms: Nonvolatile/fixed acids

not converted to CO2 but influence acidity

Acid-base terms: Base

accepts H+

Common symptom of liver disease

Jaundice

GI blockages can cause perforation

True

Complication of untreated GI bleeding

Shock

Helicobacter pylori is associated with

Peptic ulcers

Most commonly affected area in Crohn's disease

Small intestine

Gallbladder stores bile produced by liver

True

Primary liver function in GI system

Detoxification of blood

Esophagus

Tube carrying food from mouth to stomach

Duodenum

First part of small intestine; digestion continues

Cecum

First part of large intestine; receives undigested food

Rectum

Final section; leads to anus

Gastric ulcers can result from long-term NSAID use

True

A ruptured appendix can cause peritonitis

True

Peritoneum is sterile

False

Term not related to GI issues

Epistaxis (nosebleed)

Gastric ulcers

Open sores in stomach lining

Hematemesis

Vomiting blood

Dyspepsia

Indigestion

Melena

Black, tarry stools

Giantism

Excess GH secretion in children

Graves' Disease

Autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism

Addison's Disease

Adrenal insufficiency → low cortisol

Cretinism

Congenital hypothyroidism → growth/mental delays

What is Addison's Disease?

Adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones

Cushing's Disease

High cortisol

Diabetes Mellitus

High blood sugar

Hyperthyroidism

Overproduction of thyroid hormones

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar

Eye complication of diabetes

Diabetic retinopathy

Foot complication from diabetic neuropathy

Foot ulcers

Long-term complication of diabetes

Neuropathy

Type 1 DM insulin issue

Body does not produce insulin

Type 2 DM insulin sensitivity

Decreases over time → high blood sugar

Pancreas secretes hormone to regulate blood sugar

Insulin

SIADH water retention due to elevated ___

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Primary function of ACTH

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

Hepatitis A

Viral infection via contaminated food/water

Hepatitis B

Viral infection via body fluids

Hepatitis C

Viral infection via blood-to-blood contact

Hepatitis D

Only occurs with Hepatitis B