Year 11 Human Biology ATAR reproduction

Somatic Cell

any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells; 2n

Gamete

a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote; n

Gonad

female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis

Fertilisation

Fusing of a male gamete with a female gamete.

Testis

male reproductive organ that produces sperm and hormones

Scrotum

External sac that contains the testes

Bulbo-Urethral Glands

aka Cowper's Glands; secretes a fluid that becomes part of the semen

Epididymis

A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature.

Seminal Vesicles

paired sac-like exocrine glands that secrete fluid into the vas deferens; this fluid is the main component of semen

Vas Deferens

Tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

Prostate Gland

Secretes an alkaline fluid that helps activate sperm

Penis

the male reproductive organ that removes urine from the body and that can deliver sperm to the female reproductive system

Uterus

Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.

Uterine Tube

aka fallopian tube;The organ that transports the ovum to the uterus is the

Cervix

The opening to the uterus

Ovary

a female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced

Vagina

Female organ of intercourse; birth canal

Endometrium

inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus

Fimbriae

Fingerlike projection of the uterin (fallopian) tubes that drape over the ovary.

Mitosis

Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases; DNA replication takes place

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells

Meiosis I

first phase of meiosis; Homologous chromosomes separate

Meiosis II

the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two

Diploid Cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

Haploid Cell

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

Spermatogenesis

Formation of sperm; Occurs in seminiferous tubules of testis; starts during puberty

Oogenesis

the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that promotes the formation of ova or sperm

Oestrogen

Female sex hormone which stimulates the lining of the womb to build up in preparation for a pregnancy.

Luteinizing Hormone

A protein hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and promotes secretion of testosterone in testes

Progesterone

A hormone produced by the ovaries which prevents endometrium shedding

Menstruation

The shedding of the uterine lining; days 1-4

Pre-ovulation

Endometrium thickens & softens; Increase in blood vessels and mucus-secreting glands; Development of follicle (FSH released); Days 5-12;

Ovulation

Rupture of mature follicle - egg released; Day 13 -15

Secretory Phase

the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the corpus luteum develops and secretes progesterone; Days 16-20

Premenstruation

Endometrium begins to deteriorate; Degeneration of corpus luteum; Days 21-28

Corpus Luteum

Empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell

Corpus Albicans

The scar tissue that replaces the corpus luteum. it is caused by the drop of LH levels in the blood at the end of the 28 day-cycle

Testosterone

develops of immature sperm into spermatozoa, causes maintenance of male reproductive organs,

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

Blastocyte

an undifferentiated embryonic cell

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone