Eukaryotic and Bacterial Cell Division

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to eukaryotic and bacterial cell division, focusing on the processes, differences, and implications in biological systems.

Circumstances for Eukaryotic Cell Division

1) Growth and development 2) Repair of damaged tissues 3) Replacement of old/worn out cells.

G0 Phase

A phase where many cells in a multicellular organism carry out normal functions but do not prepare for mitosis.

Binary Fission

Process of bacterial cell division involving chromosome replication at the origin of replication and division through inward growth of cell wall material.

Importance of DNA Organization

DNA must be compacted to fit inside the nucleus, prevent tangling or damage, and ensure accurate segregation during cell division.

Chromatin

A complex of DNA and histone proteins that forms nucleosomes and helps organize and compact DNA.

Stages of Eukaryotic Mitosis

Includes Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.

Role of Histones

Histones help organize and compact DNA and regulate access to it for transcription, replication, and repair.

Differences between Eukaryotic Mitosis and Bacterial Binary Fission

Eukaryotic mitosis involves a nucleus, chromatin, spindle apparatus, and the formation of sister chromatids, while binary fission is simpler and does not involve these elements.

Ploidy

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell; Diploid (2n) has pairs, while Haploid has one set (n).

Cytokinesis in Animal vs. Plant Cells

Animal cells form a cleavage furrow to divide; plant cells form a cell plate due to their rigid cell wall.

Role of Cytoskeletal Elements in Chromosome Segregation

Spindle apparatus separates chromosomes; kinetochore microtubules pull sister chromatids apart.

Importance of DNA Synthesis in Mitosis

Without DNA synthesis, cells would divide with incomplete DNA, leading to genetic loss.

Mechanisms for Mitotic Spindle Movement

Kinetochore microtubules shorten, motor proteins walk chromatids along microtubules, and non-kinetochore microtubules elongate to separate poles.

Cell Theory

All cells come from pre-existing cells, demonstrated by bacterial binary fission and eukaryotic mitosis.

Chromatid

A replicated chromosome, where two sister chromatids are joined by a centromere.