The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Receptors

________: responding to chemical signals, found in cell membranes for cell communication.

Alpha

________ (α) helix: the coiled structure in which hydrogen bonding occurs between every fourth amino acid.

Beta

________ (β) pleated sheet: a protein in which two or more of the polypeptide chains lie parallel to each other hydrogen bonds holding them in place.

Chaperonins

________: assist in proper folding of proteins by protecting them from "bad influences "like chemicals in the body, allowing the proteins to fold spontaneously and properly.

Greek word

The ________ for protein is "Proteios, "which means first or primary.

Carbohydrates

________: serve as fuel and building material.

Enzymes

________: speeding up chemical reactions.

Nucleic acids

________: polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

Movement

________: motor proteins help muscles move.

Phospholipids

________: lipid bilayer of cell membrane.

nucleotide

Each ________ is composed of a nitrogenous base, a five- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.

chemical reactions

Play a major role in almost everything organisms do, such as storage, transport, and ________.

amino acids

When ________ are joined together, a dehydration reaction takes place to remove the (OH) from the carboxyl and an H from the amino group.

Contains

C, H, O, N, S

Enzymes

speeding up chemical reactions

Example

lactase

Defense

protecting against diseases

Example

antibodies

Storage

storing amino acids

Example

milk protein = casein

Transport

transport of substances

Example

hemoglobin

Hormones

coordinating activities

Example

insulin

Receptors

responding to chemical signals, found in cell membranes for cell communication

Movement

motor proteins help muscles move

Structure

 structure of skin, hair, nails

Example

keratin

Alpha (α) helix

the coiled structure in which hydrogen bonding occurs between every fourth amino acid

Beta (β) pleated sheet

a protein in which two or more of the polypeptide chains lie parallel to each other hydrogen bonds holding them in place

R group

side chains

Amino group

-NH2

Acid

-COOH

Chaperonins

assist in proper folding of proteins by protecting them from "bad influences" like chemicals in the body, allowing the proteins to fold spontaneously and properly

Function

store hereditary info

N-bases

A, G, C, Thymine

Sugar

deoxyribose

N-bases

A, G, C, Uracil

Sugar

ribose

Nucleic acids

polymers of monomers called nucleotides

Nucleotides

monomer of DNA/RNA

Carbohydrates

serve as fuel and building material

Monosaccharides

monomers (eg

Fats (triglyceride)

store energy

Steroids

cholesterol and hormones

Phospholipids

lipid bilayer of cell membrane