italy booklet 1

piedmont sardinia in 1830

• house of savoy

• were not appart of austrian control

• strong and developed army

• middle class

lombardy/venetia

• under direct austrian control

• economically and culturally advanced with a small repressentive government

central duchies

• ‘satlite states’ - indirectly controlled by the austrians

sicily and naples

• poor and absolute monachry

• revloutions due to repression

Papal States

• pope was the leader

• had large and repressive control over the whole of italy

social barriers to unification

• people had no acess to democracy which halted creating a nation

• revolutions in the past had failed because of regional differences

• papal states promotion of religion

• central duchies conection to the austrians

• geograhical differences

economical barriers to unifcation

• taxation of the rich

• most of the states were poor and backward so they could not afford revolutions

poltical barriers to unifcation

• failed revolutions as the austrians would take back control

• repressive governments stopped peoples rebelling

• uprising only went as far as challaning the power of the austrians rather than demanding change

infulence of the catholic church

• 90% + people were RCC

• converativism and resisted change

• church had returned to their previous power post french control

• jesuits - attacked anyone whom challanged the church

• censorship was imposed

• zeolts had tight social and poltical control

nationalism

• people of the same race, culture and traditions should be united in a independent nation

• not controlled by other nations

• disagreements over the means to which this could be achieved and how much should be unified

liberalism

• people should have some say in government

• elected by property owners

• constitutional monachry

radicalism

• social reform (e.g redistrobution of wealth)

• use violence to achieve aims

secret socities

• men who formed secert groups viewed dangrous by the church due to their aims to overthrow monarches and drive out the austrians

• they were most middle class and prepared to risk their lived for the cause

• however their weakeness was within them being unprepared to work together and lacking organsation

• carbonari (naples)

• spillo negro (Papal States)

• federati (milan)

1830 - 32 revolutions

• in 1830 a revolution in frace led charles X abdication

• he replaced by a more liberal figure, Louis-phillippe - italian revoutionaires hope that he would support lberal revolutions in italy

• disturbances broke out in moderna, parmer and the papal states - with the aims to gain a consituation

• enrico misley revaled his plans to Duke Francis IV and francis betrayed him

• francis travelled to austria

• in his absense the revolutionaires took ovet the city of modena and established a provisional government

• however within a month Francis had come back with the austrians ans they were quickly defated

• reasons for failure → localised, no organsation, too relaint on secert socities, divided aims, moderate, french failure

rissorgemento

• an ideological and literay movement thay helped to arouse national consciounsess of the italian people and it led to a series event that freed the italian states from forgien domination and untie them poltically

social and economical divsions by the 1840’s

• huge social divided

• new middle class were frustrated with the nobiliutly who tended to be more conservative

• greatest division between the wealther classes and the poor masses - peasants were many poltically aphaphical as consitutional change was unimportant to their daily survival

• resitance to change that would only make peoples lives worse

• although national idenity with the consensus of getting rid of the austrians had developed their were still different approaches

• the riformisti - free from austrian control italy would flourish E.g the econmonical growth that the wine indursty in chanti would give as stressed in journas

• 1820 - 1840 there were poor havests increasing hunger poltics

mazzini

• 1805 - 1872

• democray and repressentation

• united whole of italy under a republic

• young italy in 1831

• banderia brothers in 1844

• tremendous impentus to unification

• propaganda

• viewed as dangerous and radial as any

• alienated ideas to the rich

• too intellectual of ideas - out of touch with the peasants

• overall he wasnt able to fully gain mass support

balbo and charles ablert

• moderate nationalist believed that piedmont shoukd lead other italian states in revolution

• Le Speranze D’italia in 1844 arguing for a federation of italian states to be created

• only piedmont was strong enough as a nation to lead this

• disagreements over how much of the pensulia should be unified

gioberti and puis IX

• neo-guelphism where the pope should lead a national revival

• federstion of states with the pope as president

• pope puis had pressented himself as a liberal pope e.g between 1846-47 he freed 2000 poltical prisoners and abolished censorship of the press and created the consulta

D’azeglio

• on recent events in Romanga 1846

• only leadership possible of uniting the hole of italy was through Charles albert

• italain freedom would come from the ruling classes

CAUSE OF 1848-9 REV = growth of liberalism

• piedmont sardina had a liberal government served as a early driving force for the unification of italy

• charles albert joined in pope puis IX legal reform customs union edged on demonstrations in piedmont

• 1847 statuto - consitution

• liberal growth

CAUSE OF 1848-9 REV = growth of nationalism

• mazzini

• balbo

• gioberti

• d’azelglio

• secert socities

• cultural influences

• all added to the ideological growth within the pensuilia which was used to promote change and lead to actions occuring - but because of the wide range of differing ideologies it ment that although their were commonalties of wanting the austrians out, the extent to which reform would occur and how this would go about

CAUSE OF 1848-9 REV = reforms of pope puis IX

• eleted on 1846 and had a moderate stance

• realsed poltical prisoners - o sommo pio

• enetered a union of customs with tuscany and piedmont

• progressive actions from the pope inspired other states to take part in progressive actions too

CAUSE OF 1848-9 REV unpopularity of the austrians

• anti austrian feeling

• lombardy venetia = 1/3 of austrian tax revune

• 1847 - austrians tried to cross into the papal states to put down a protest and they occupied the town of ferrara the pope lodged a formal protest

• 1848 - the pope denied acess for the austrains to pass through papal states asking the lord to God bless italia

CAUSE OF 1848-9 REV socio- econmical problems

• hunger and poverty of the lower classes in 1848

• riots and protests over industry due to harvest failures in 1846 and 47 which led to inflated prices

• limited industry and infastucture in the south

• living standards decline in 1810 naples life expectancy was 24 in 1840’s

• 65,000 deaths of sicillians of cholera

events in sicily 1848 - 1849

• january - outbreak of cholera killing 300,000

• notices start in palermo about a revolution

• clashes begin with troops, peasants arrive to the city to support the uprising and a 5,000 strong army arrives

• a parliament is elected and declares that sicily and naples are totally seperated - they are not concered with national unity

• ferdinand dispaches in sepetermber a force of 20,000 troops to reclaim the city ‘king bomba’

• by march 1849, ferdinand abolishes the parlimanert and re establishes complete autocratic rule in naples and sicilly

events in naples 1848-49

• word of the sicillian revolution reached the neapolitian mainlained

• lazzaroni declared themselves independent clients of the king

• janaury 17th rising launched by secert societies saw public records burnt and bourbon officals killed

• janaury 27th ferdinand yeiled and appionted a more liberal ministry - granting a conservative consitution

• moderate ministry under carlo troya is established in naples

• however anti consitutional opportunist fortunato is put in charge of the government by ferdinand whilst actual power remains in the hands of the king and thus the hope for a consitutional government is crushed under arbitary and repressive state

events in Lombardy 1848-49

• boycott of tabaco which the austrians had a monopoly over

• 5 glorious days → 10,000 people pressenting a peitition for liberal reforms

• austrian commander made to withhdraw forces to the quaderilaterial

• lombardy and piedmont alline with one another

events with piedmont 1848-49

• march 22nd - CA declares war on austria, troops from all over italy swarm to lombardy to join his army

• may - takes peschiera and wins the battle of goito - but there are big internal divsions within his army who refuse to trust eachother due to regional loyalty and different political aims

• august - expelled from lombardy and made to sign the armistence of salasco

• charles albert would thus abdicate

events in venetia 1848-49

• declared a republic by daniel manin

• last stand of the revolution, forced to surrender in august 1849 due to hunger and cholera outbreak

events in rome 1848-49

• puis ix appoints anti liberal count rossi and pm - he is later murderd by a mob, leading to the pope fleeing rome

• galleti, moderate ex mazzian, seizes power he introduces some reforms such as abolishing the tax on corn and sets up the consitue assembly to decide the future of rome and italy - making the roman republic

• elections are later held - signficant land reform of church land, abolition of censorship and death penatly

• pope puis calls upon europe for support to stop the radical in rome

• april 1849 - 20,000 troops marched on rome

• garabaldi who was incharge of the troops led a 2month blockaid before escpaing with 400 to san mariano

popes allocution 1848

• unprepared to upset catholic austria he issued his allocution

• war with austria did not have his blessing and that the papacy had no wish to lead a united italy

• weakened CA postion as many of his catholic soliders did not want to go agaisnt the pope