Lecture 2 + 4 (multicellular algae)- Marine Bio

hydrologic cycle

the movement of water through the biosphere like currents

Hadley cells

warm air currents meet at equator to rise and cool down then gradually sink until they pick up heat again then repeated

how does the ocean influence through heat?

1. sunlight is absorbed by the ocean

2. ocean loses heat through evaporation (latent heat release)

3. ocean loses heat by sending out infrared radiation that is absorbed by water vapor to further heat

4. winds drive ocean currents to carry heat from tropics

uneven distribution of temps?

1. tropics warm bc they receive lots of sunlight

2. poles cool bc receive less sunlight

3. transport influenced by other patterns like land mass

chemical composition

seawater has avg salinity of 35%

thermocline

rapid temp change over short depth change

start of thermo is epilimnion and everything below is hypolimnion

upwelling

movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface

coral reefs

50% of net primary production occurs there bc of zooxanthellae

9 times as much carbon per unit area per year than the ocean

waves

driven by winds and currents

rougher the water the easier for the wind to transfer its energy

ocean tides

cyclic rise and fall of seawater caused by variations in gravitational attraction btw earth, moon, and sun

spring tides

sun and moon pull together = highest tides

neap tides

sun and moon not pulling together = not very high tides

diurnal tides

1 high and 1 low per day

semi-diurnal tides

2 high and 2 low per day

heights do vary

mixed tides

very high then very low, then semi high then semi low, then reset

composition of sea floor

1) sediments

2) volcanic ash

3) biogenic sediments

4) hydrothermal sediments

5) mechanical fracturing

6) weak acid fracturing

multicellular algae

thallus

seaweeds

filamentous algae with slender, rod-shaped thallus arranged in twos joined end-to-end

holdfasts

specialized structures in some filamentous algae that attaches the algae so it can grow toward sunlight at the surface

pneumatocysts

gas-filled blader in seaweeds

algae vs seaweeds

algae - holdfast + blade + stipe

sea - leaves + rhizomes + flowering + roots

Enteromorpha

filamentous green algae

Macrocystis

bladder kelp, large brown algae have pneumatocysts

among the largest multicellular algae

algae phyla

1) based on color

2) type of chlorophyll

3) form of food-storage substance

green algae (Chlorophyta)

-Spirogyra, Ulva, Chlamydomonas, Enteromorpha, Caulerpa

-chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids (yellow and orange pigments)

-store food as starch

-cell=cellulose

-some add CaCO3

-freshwater, moist surfaces, or marine environments

-some have whip-like flagella for movement

brown algae (Phaeophyta)

-Laminaria, Fucus, Sargassum

-chlorophyll a, c, and fucoxanthin (brown pigment)

-most grow in cooler marine environments

-includes kelp and seaweeds

-store food as laminarin (type of carbohydrate)

red algae (Rhodophyta)

-Agardhiella, Spongomorpha

-usually warm marine environments

-chlorophyll a and phycobilin (red pigments)

-store food as starch

-cell walls contain cellulose and agar

-some contain carrageenan in their cell walls used for gelatin capsules and some cheeses

reproduction in multicellular algae

Ulva reproduction