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43 Terms

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cell transport

the movement of materials across cell membranes

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cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

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phospholipid bilayer

a double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes

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semi-permeable

characteristic of a cell membrane which allows some molecules to pass through but not others

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nonpolar molecules

can pass through the cell membrane

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polar molecules & ions

cannot pass directly through the cell membrane

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membrane proteins

embedded proteins that perform specific functions for the cell membrane

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fluid mosaic model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

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intracellular space

space inside the cell

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extracellular space

space outside the cell

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passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane WITHOUT the use of ATP energy by the cell

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active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using ATP energy

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diffusion

movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until a state of equilibrium is reached

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equilibrium

when a space is filled evenly; a state of balance

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concentration

the amount of a particular substance in a given volume

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concentration gradient

a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance; particles will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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facilitated diffusion

diffusion of molecules that requires the help of transport proteins

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channel proteins

proteins that serve as tunnels through the lipid bilayer

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carrier proteins

transport specific substances that fit in their binding site

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osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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aquaporins

special channel proteins through which water enters and exits the cell

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osmotic pressure

the force driven by differences in solute concentration that results in the net movement of water out of or into a cell

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tonicity

the concentrations of solutes in a solution

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solute

the substance that is dissolved

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solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

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hypotonic solution

Subject solute concentration is lower than the non-subject comparison

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isotonic solution

solute concentrations in the cell is equal to the solution surrounding the cell

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hypertonic solution

Subject solute concentration is higher than the non-subject area

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cell lysis

animal cells swell and burst

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turgid

plant cells become swollen

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flaccid

plant cells become soft and wilt

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plasmolyzed

plant cell in hypertonic solution - pulling away from cell wall

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crenate

when an animal cell shrivels due to water loss in a hypertonic solution

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sodium-potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

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bulk transport

the process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes.

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endocytosis

the movement of a large substance into a cell by a vesicle

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exocytosis

the movement of a large substance out of a cell by a vesicle

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pinocytosis

cell drinking

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phagocytosis

cell eating

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secretion

removal of a good substance

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excretion

removal of a bad substance (waste)

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hydrophobic

water fearing (lipid tails)

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hydrophilic

water loving (phosphorus head)