History of Psych Exam 1

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69 Terms

1

Pre-socratic Philosophy

Focuses on understanding nature, perception, and underlying ideals.

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2

Plato's Creator

Plato posited a craftsman who fashioned the universe.

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3

Idealism

Philosophical approach emphasizing the existence of ideal forms behind perceptible reality.

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4

Aristotle

A student of Plato who founded the Lyceum and emphasized empirical observation.

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5

Hylomorphism

Aristotle's theory that all objects are composed of matter and form.

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6

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge arises from sensory experience, emphasized by Aristotle.

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7

De Anima

Aristotle's work discussing the nature of the soul and its faculties.

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8

Memory vs. Recollection

Memory is passive, while recollection is an active process in Aristotle's view.

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9

Natural Philosophy

A term used by Aristotle to discuss the study of nature and the soul.

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10

Four Bodily Humors

Blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm; balance of these is crucial for health.

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11

Stoicism

A philosophical school advocating acceptance of fate and self-control.

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12

Epicureanism

A philosophy emphasizing pleasure and avoiding pain; a middle-ground lifestyle.

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13

Scholasticism

A medieval intellectual system of thought integrating faith with reason.

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14

Hippocratic Corpus

A collection of medical texts attributed to Hippocrates and his followers.

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15

Nativism

The belief in inborn properties of the mind, as articulated by the philosophers after Socrates.

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16

Rationalism

The philosophical belief in reason as the primary source of knowledge.

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17

Platonic Idealism

Theory that non-material ideals serve as the foundation for material reality.

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18

Allegory of the Cave

Plato's metaphor illustrating the difference between reality and perceptions of it.

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19

Scale of Nature

Aristotle's hierarchical categorization of living organisms.

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20

Natural Spirit

In Galen's theory, one of three types of pneuma essential for life and consciousness.

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21

Rhazes

An Islamic physician who challenged traditional authorities and advocated diversions for melancholia.

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22

Aurelius Augustine

A theologian who integrated Greek thought with Christian doctrines, exploring concepts like memory.

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23

Baruch Spinoza

Philosopher advocating a monistic view of consciousness and nature.

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24

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Introduced monadology, proposing that individual units of existence move in harmony.

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25

Hume's Skepticism

David Hume argued that our understanding of causality is rooted in habits of the mind.

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26

Categorical Imperative

Kant's moral principle stating that one should act only according to maxims that can be universally applied.

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27

Empiricism vs. Rationalism

Empiricism relies on sensory input for knowledge, while Rationalism emphasizes innate ideas.

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28

William of Ockham

Advocated for simplicity in explanations, leading to 'Ockham's Razor' principle.

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29

Joint-stock Companies

Organizational innovations creating opportunities for economic growth and trade during Renaissance.

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30

Thomas Aquinas

Influential philosopher who reconciled faith and reason through extensive study of Aristotle.

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31

Utilitarianism

Ethical theory that promotes actions that maximize happiness for the greatest number of people.

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32

Malaise

Term used to describe a general feeling of discomfort or unease, often explored in psychological contexts.

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33

Humanism

Philosophical approach emphasizing human value and agency, flourishing during the Renaissance.

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34

The Inquisition

A church-led effort to root out heresy, employing investigation and often torture.

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35

Luther's 97 Theses

Document challenging the Catholic Church practices, leading to the Protestant Reformation.

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36

Descartes' Dualism

Philosophical theory positing the distinction between mind (immaterial) and body (material).

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37

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher who influenced various facets of modern thought, particularly in education and politics.

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38

Skepticism

Philosophical approach questioning the possibility of certainty in knowledge.

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39

Hume's Impression vs. Ideas

Hume distinguished between impressions (strong perceptions) and ideas (fainter images of impressions).

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40

Circumstantial Evidence

Evidence derived from circumstances rather than direct proof, relevant in discussions of causality.

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41

Psychological Hedonism

The theory that humans are motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain.

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42

Immanuel Kant

Philosopher proposing the synthesis of rationalism and empiricism, central in modern philosophy.

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43

Mentalism vs. Behaviorism

Mentalism focuses on internal mental processes, while behaviorism emphasizes observable behaviors.

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44

Psychology in the 17th Century

A period in which psychology began to distinguish itself as a field of study apart from philosophy.

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45

Neoplatonism

Philosophical system influenced by Plato that emphasizes the existence of a single source from which all reality emanates.

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46

Bacon's Idols

Four types of biases identified by Francis Bacon that impede human understanding: Tribe, Cave, Marketplace, Theatre.

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47

Mind-Body Interaction

The philosophical discussion around how mental states can influence physical states and vice versa.

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48

Utilitarian Calculus

The measure of the moral worth of an action based on its utility or overall benefit.

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49

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of tradition.

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50

Social Contract

Political theory holding that individuals consent to form a government for mutual benefits.

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51

Thomas Reid

Philosopher known for advocating common sense and foundational beliefs about perception and existence.

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52

Rational Emotive Therapy

A form of cognitive-behavioral therapy focusing on altering irrational beliefs to improve emotional well-being.

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53

Bentham's Panopticon

A theoretical prison design that allows observation of all inmates without them knowing whether they are being watched.

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54

Scholastic Method

Approach of examining and reconciling various sources of knowledge, central to medieval philosophy.

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55

Neuroscience and Psychology

The interplay between the biological underpinnings of behavior and psychological phenomena.

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56

Dialogue and Socratic Method

An approach used by Socrates involving questioning and dialogue to stimulate critical thinking.

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57

Free Will vs. Determinism

The debate regarding whether human actions are determined by external forces or if individuals can exercise control.

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58

Materialism

Philosophical view that only material, physical entities truly exist.

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59

Causality

The relationship between causes and effects; a central topic in both philosophy and psychology.

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60

Meinong's Jungle

Philosophical discourse exploring entities that do not exist in reality but can still be meaningfully discussed.

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61

Empirical Studies

Research based on observation or experiment rather than theory or pure logic.

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62

Demonology

The study of demons and the supernatural, often associated with mental disorders and witch hunts.

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63

Hippocratic Oath

An ethical code of practice attributed to Hippocrates, guiding medical professionals.

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64

Galileo's Discoveries

Refinement of the telescope leading to significant advancements in astronomy and challenges to geocentric views.

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65

Cogito, ergo sum

The philosophical statement by Descartes meaning 'I think, therefore I am', central to his epistemology.

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66

Moderation in Ethics

Concept in ethical philosophy advocating for balanced approaches between extremes.

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67

Rationalist Philosophers

Prominent thinkers like Descartes and Kant emphasizing the role of reason in understanding the world.

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68

Hypatia of Alexandria

A prominent Neoplatonist philosopher and mathematician known for her contributions to science and education.

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69

Malleus Maleficarum

A controversial text on witch hunts that influenced European views on demons and mental illness.

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