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Pre-socratic Philosophy
Focuses on understanding nature, perception, and underlying ideals.
Plato's Creator
Plato posited a craftsman who fashioned the universe.
Idealism
Philosophical approach emphasizing the existence of ideal forms behind perceptible reality.
Aristotle
A student of Plato who founded the Lyceum and emphasized empirical observation.
Hylomorphism
Aristotle's theory that all objects are composed of matter and form.
Empiricism
The belief that knowledge arises from sensory experience, emphasized by Aristotle.
De Anima
Aristotle's work discussing the nature of the soul and its faculties.
Memory vs. Recollection
Memory is passive, while recollection is an active process in Aristotle's view.
Natural Philosophy
A term used by Aristotle to discuss the study of nature and the soul.
Four Bodily Humors
Blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm; balance of these is crucial for health.
Stoicism
A philosophical school advocating acceptance of fate and self-control.
Epicureanism
A philosophy emphasizing pleasure and avoiding pain; a middle-ground lifestyle.
Scholasticism
A medieval intellectual system of thought integrating faith with reason.
Hippocratic Corpus
A collection of medical texts attributed to Hippocrates and his followers.
Nativism
The belief in inborn properties of the mind, as articulated by the philosophers after Socrates.
Rationalism
The philosophical belief in reason as the primary source of knowledge.
Platonic Idealism
Theory that non-material ideals serve as the foundation for material reality.
Allegory of the Cave
Plato's metaphor illustrating the difference between reality and perceptions of it.
Scale of Nature
Aristotle's hierarchical categorization of living organisms.
Natural Spirit
In Galen's theory, one of three types of pneuma essential for life and consciousness.
Rhazes
An Islamic physician who challenged traditional authorities and advocated diversions for melancholia.
Aurelius Augustine
A theologian who integrated Greek thought with Christian doctrines, exploring concepts like memory.
Baruch Spinoza
Philosopher advocating a monistic view of consciousness and nature.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Introduced monadology, proposing that individual units of existence move in harmony.
Hume's Skepticism
David Hume argued that our understanding of causality is rooted in habits of the mind.
Categorical Imperative
Kant's moral principle stating that one should act only according to maxims that can be universally applied.
Empiricism vs. Rationalism
Empiricism relies on sensory input for knowledge, while Rationalism emphasizes innate ideas.
William of Ockham
Advocated for simplicity in explanations, leading to 'Ockham's Razor' principle.
Joint-stock Companies
Organizational innovations creating opportunities for economic growth and trade during Renaissance.
Thomas Aquinas
Influential philosopher who reconciled faith and reason through extensive study of Aristotle.
Utilitarianism
Ethical theory that promotes actions that maximize happiness for the greatest number of people.
Malaise
Term used to describe a general feeling of discomfort or unease, often explored in psychological contexts.
Humanism
Philosophical approach emphasizing human value and agency, flourishing during the Renaissance.
The Inquisition
A church-led effort to root out heresy, employing investigation and often torture.
Luther's 97 Theses
Document challenging the Catholic Church practices, leading to the Protestant Reformation.
Descartes' Dualism
Philosophical theory positing the distinction between mind (immaterial) and body (material).
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Philosopher who influenced various facets of modern thought, particularly in education and politics.
Skepticism
Philosophical approach questioning the possibility of certainty in knowledge.
Hume's Impression vs. Ideas
Hume distinguished between impressions (strong perceptions) and ideas (fainter images of impressions).
Circumstantial Evidence
Evidence derived from circumstances rather than direct proof, relevant in discussions of causality.
Psychological Hedonism
The theory that humans are motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain.
Immanuel Kant
Philosopher proposing the synthesis of rationalism and empiricism, central in modern philosophy.
Mentalism vs. Behaviorism
Mentalism focuses on internal mental processes, while behaviorism emphasizes observable behaviors.
Psychology in the 17th Century
A period in which psychology began to distinguish itself as a field of study apart from philosophy.
Neoplatonism
Philosophical system influenced by Plato that emphasizes the existence of a single source from which all reality emanates.
Bacon's Idols
Four types of biases identified by Francis Bacon that impede human understanding: Tribe, Cave, Marketplace, Theatre.
Mind-Body Interaction
The philosophical discussion around how mental states can influence physical states and vice versa.
Utilitarian Calculus
The measure of the moral worth of an action based on its utility or overall benefit.
The Enlightenment
An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of tradition.
Social Contract
Political theory holding that individuals consent to form a government for mutual benefits.
Thomas Reid
Philosopher known for advocating common sense and foundational beliefs about perception and existence.
Rational Emotive Therapy
A form of cognitive-behavioral therapy focusing on altering irrational beliefs to improve emotional well-being.
Bentham's Panopticon
A theoretical prison design that allows observation of all inmates without them knowing whether they are being watched.
Scholastic Method
Approach of examining and reconciling various sources of knowledge, central to medieval philosophy.
Neuroscience and Psychology
The interplay between the biological underpinnings of behavior and psychological phenomena.
Dialogue and Socratic Method
An approach used by Socrates involving questioning and dialogue to stimulate critical thinking.
Free Will vs. Determinism
The debate regarding whether human actions are determined by external forces or if individuals can exercise control.
Materialism
Philosophical view that only material, physical entities truly exist.
Causality
The relationship between causes and effects; a central topic in both philosophy and psychology.
Meinong's Jungle
Philosophical discourse exploring entities that do not exist in reality but can still be meaningfully discussed.
Empirical Studies
Research based on observation or experiment rather than theory or pure logic.
Demonology
The study of demons and the supernatural, often associated with mental disorders and witch hunts.
Hippocratic Oath
An ethical code of practice attributed to Hippocrates, guiding medical professionals.
Galileo's Discoveries
Refinement of the telescope leading to significant advancements in astronomy and challenges to geocentric views.
Cogito, ergo sum
The philosophical statement by Descartes meaning 'I think, therefore I am', central to his epistemology.
Moderation in Ethics
Concept in ethical philosophy advocating for balanced approaches between extremes.
Rationalist Philosophers
Prominent thinkers like Descartes and Kant emphasizing the role of reason in understanding the world.
Hypatia of Alexandria
A prominent Neoplatonist philosopher and mathematician known for her contributions to science and education.
Malleus Maleficarum
A controversial text on witch hunts that influenced European views on demons and mental illness.