Kinesiology Unit 1 Chapter 1

kinesiology

the scientific study of human movement encompassing the anatomical, physiological, biomechanics, and neurological principles that govern motion.

kinesis

to move

logy

to study

anatomy

the science of the shape and structure of the human body and its part

biomechanics

A discipline that uses principles of physics to quantitatively study how forces interact within a living body

physiology

biologic study of living organisms; the study of how the body and its parts work or function

kinematics

study of motion WITHOUT considering the forces and torques involved

translation, rotation

two types of motion in kinematics

translation

linear motion in which all parts of a rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every other part of the body. (i.e. straight line (rectilinear), curved linear (curvilinear)

straight line (rectilinear)

curved line (curvilinear)

rotation

an assumed rigid body moves in a circular path around some pivot point.

All points in the body simultaneously rotate in the same angular direction (clockwise or counterclockwise)

fixed axis

During rotation, everything is moving around a ________

axis of rotation

pivot point for angular change

The point where motion of the rotating body IS ZERO.

Generally, most limbs or trunk movement axis of rotation is within or near the joint.

No, the axis of motion does not always stay in a single location; while some joints, like the elbow, have relatively fixed axes, others, such as the shoulder and knee, have more complex, shifting axes due to the changing shapes and positions of the articulating bones during movement

Do axes of motion always stay in a single location throughout joint's ROM?

osteokinematics

the motion of bones relative to the three cardinal planes of the body

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

frontal plane

front and back halves

horizontal (transverse) plane

divides the body into superior and inferior sections

flexion/extension, plantarflexion/dorsiflexion

example of sagittal plane movement

abduction/adduction

example of frontal plane movement

internal/external rotation of arm, transverse abduction/adduction

example of transverse (horizontal) plane movement

perpendicular

bones rotate around a joint in a plane that is ___________ to the axis of rotation

convex member of the joint

Generally, one can assume the axis passes through the...

three; it moves in three cardinal planes

Shoulder has ____ axes of rotation because ______

the axis moves to the injured location; immobilize problem in order to move axis back to convex member of joint

what happens when there is a dislocation or fracture

sagittal axis (Anterior-posterior axis)

Frontal plane = what axis

frontal axis (medial-lateral axis)

sagittal plane = what axis

longitudinal (vertical) axis

horizontal (transverse) plane = what axis

degrees of freedom

number of planes of movement that is voluntarily controlled by a muscle at a joint. Max 3 planes of movement

single degree of freedom

phalanges of fingers; joints flex and extend only

two degrees of freedom

MCP joints; flex/ext + abd/add

three degrees of freedom

shoulder joint - flex/ext + abd/add + int/ext rotation

closed kinetic chain

distal segment is fixed to the ground or to an immovable object

seated leg extension

example of open kinetic chain

open kinetic chain

distal segment is not fixed to the ground or to an immovable object

squats, pushups

example of closed kinetic chain

arthrokinematics

the movements that occurs between the joint surfaces during motion

roll, spin, glide

three types of arthrokinematic movements

Roll

MULTIPLE points along one ROTATING surface contacts MULTIPLE points on another surface

radioulnar joint

What is the only joint that TRUELY spins?

spin

a SINGLE point on one surface ROTATES on a SINGLE point on another surface.

glide/slide

a SINGLE point on one surface contacts MULTIPLE points on another surface.

convex on concave rule

concave on convex rule

roll in one direction, glide in opposite direction

roll/glide directions of convex on concave

roll in one direction, glide in same direction

roll/glide directions of concave on convex

A. concave on convex rule: tibia moving on femur, roll/glide same direction, open kinetic chain.

B. Convex on concave rule: femur moving on tibia, roll/glide in opposite directions, closed-kinetic chain.

Understand:

Which one is concave on convex rule AND which one is Convex on concave rule

Explain what is moving on what

Directions of glide/roll

Also fixed or open kinetic chain.

convex on concave rule

humeral head is moving on glenohumeral joint capsule

rolling and gliding in opposite directions.

open-kinetic chain

During abduction of shoulder:

concave on convex rule or Convex on concave rule

Explain what is moving on what

Directions of glide/roll

fixed or open kinetic chain.

*TAKE NOTE THAT RIGHT PICTURE THERE IS NO GLIDE WITH ROLL.

congruence

stable =

close-packed position

Type of joint positioning:

maximal stability of the joint OR joint is most closely together,

max congruence OR most stable position,

joint capsule and ligaments are taut,

creates a natural stability to joint,

most accessory movements are minimal

maximal

most

stable

taut

natural

minimal

In a close-packed position:

[maximal/minimal] stability of the joint OR joint is [most/least] closely together,

max congruence OR most [stable/unstable] position,

joint capsule and ligaments are [taut/loose],

creates a [natural/unnatural] stability to joint,

most accessory movements are [maximal/minimal]

open-packed position

Type of joint positioning:

also known as loose-packed,

less stable,

better position for joint mobilization,

any other position compared to the other joint positioning,

ligament and capsules are slackened, not fitting together nicely

Loose

less

better

slackened

doesn't

With open-packed position:

also known as _______-packed,

[more/less] stable,

[better/worse] position for joint mobilization,

ligament and capsules are [slackened/tightened], [does/doesn't] fitting together nicely,

close-packed position, tight ligaments lead to easier to snap or tear

which joint position is greater risk for injury?

kinetics

the forces that cause or influence motion.

Focuses on why movement occurs examining internal (muscle contraction) and external (gravity/friction) forces.

Forces impact the body during functional activities (walking, lifting, jumping) and critical for injury prevention, rehab, and performance optimization.

force

The effect of a push or pull on a movement.

load

a force that acts on the body or an object to create or stop a movement.

internal forces

Type of force: muscles and ligaments; we generate these forces within us, muscles are a pulling force not a pushing force.

external forces

Type of force: gravity, anything in the outside world that pulls or pushes on the body

unloaded, tension, compression, bending, shear, torsion, combined loading

list the forces/loads (7)

unloaded

tension

compression

bending

Shear

torsion

combined loading

Strain = change in length, stress = tension caused by strain.

FOUR MAJOR REGIONS:

1. Toe regions: collagen fibers unfurl with increased strain on the ligament or tendon.

2. elastic region: collagen fibers stretch with 100% elastic recoil. ELASTIC DOES NOT MEAN STRETCH.

If yield point is past, those collagen fibers will NOT go back to resting length. That is when we get into plastic region...

3. plastic region: recoil diminishes from the yield point to the failure point. Sometimes it's therapeutic, not necessarily causing injury. Microtears occur.

4. Ultimate failure point: this is where we have injury past failure point. Stress falls because structure completely ruptures/tears.

If the goal is to lengthen tendons, we would want to be in the plastic region, elastic region is not enough stretch but after failure point is way too much.

explain this graph

elastic recoil

able to go back to its original length

Stiffness

amount of tension a tissue can handle

Flexion/extension, lateral flexion, rotation

Sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane

Sagittal axis, frontal axis, longitudinal axis

three degrees of freedom

cervical spine: primary motions, plane of motion, axis of rotation, degrees of freedom

Flexion/extension, internal rotation/external rotation, transverse abduction/adduction

Sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane

Sagittal axis, frontal axis, longitudinal axis

three degrees of freedom

shoulder: primary motions, plane of motion, axis of rotation, degrees of freedom

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

Sagittal plane, frontal plane

Sagittal axis, frontal axis

two degrees of freedom

wrist: primary motions, plane of motion, axis of rotation, degrees of freedom

Flexion/extension, LITTLE IR/ER

Sagittal plane, transverse plane

frontal axis, longitudinal axis

two degrees of freedom

knee: primary motions, plane of motion, axis of rotation, degrees of freedom

PF/DF, inversion/eversion, abductin/adduction

Sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane

Sagittal axis, frontal axis, longitudinal axis

three degrees of freedom

foot: primary motions, plane of motion, axis of rotation, degrees of freedom

vectors

a quantity that has direction and magnitude

magnitude

numerical size of the force; it acts along the humeral shaft (the vector's line of action).

Magnitude = size of the force; it acts along the humeral shaft

Internal force acting upward (positive numbers), external force (gravity) always acting downward and negative number.

base of the arrow = origination of force (point of application)

joint reaction force = point of application for bone

explain how this depicts vectors:

what is the magnitude?

positive vs negative numerical value?

point of application for origination of force?

point of application for bone?

magnitude, spatial orientation, direction, point of application

four ways to describe a vector

angle of insertion

the angle that is formed between a tendon of a muscle and the long axis of the bone in which it inserts

center of mass

the center of where all the mass is

translation

in terms of vectors, a push or pull of all forces acted on the body forms this; the sum of all forces determining how the bone moves

torque

force that has the capacity to cause rotation, also known as a moment

moment arm

the perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation of the joint and the force exerted on the body (represented as D)

internal torque

an internal force (in most cases it is muscle) that is coupled with an internal moment arm creates a torque or a moment

external torque

an external force (in the picture is gravity) that is coupled with the external moment arm creates a torque or a moment

isometric, concentric, eccentric

three types of muscle activation

isometric contraction

the muscle is creating a pulling force while maintaining a constant length

equal

in an isometric contraction, the external and internal forces are...

concentric contraction

a muscle produces a pulling force (or shortens) as it contracts

greater

in an concentric contraction, internal torque is ______ than the external torque

eccentric contraction

a muscle produces a pulling force as it is being elongated by another more dominant force; lengthening under tension

less

in an eccentric contraction, internal torque is ______ than the external torque

force couple

formed when TWO or more muscles simultaneously produce forces in different linear (opposite) directions; although, the resulting torques act in the SAME rotatory directions

yes, pull at same time and creates a force couple that creates a ROTARY motion

is this a force couple? why?

no, there will be a rectilinear translation, object will move down instead of in a rotatory motion.

is this a force couple? why?

1st class lever (teeter-totter)

what type of lever is this?

fulcrum in middle, load and effort arm on either side

equal

in a first class lever, where are fulcrum, effort, and load located.

Also the effort and load need to ______ to remain balanced