Introductory (planes, direction, examination) - MSAT Anatomy

What is anatomical position?

Standing erect, head and eyes are directed front. upper limbs are relaxed down to the sides of the body, palms are anterior, feet are shoulder width apart with toes facing front.

What is the purpose of anatomical position?

Provides a clear and consistent way of understanding human anatomy and makers it easier to locate certain structures.

What plane divides the body into equal halves in the midline of the body?

Median or Mid-sagittal plane

what plane divides the body into equal halves front and back?

Frontal plane

What plane divides the body into halves horizontally?

Axial plane

What is the difference between mid-sagittal and sagittal planes?

Mid-sagittal is on the median where sagittal can be off center

What are the two other names for axial plane?

transverse or horizontal

What are the two subdivisions in the thoracic cavity?

mediastinum and pleural

What anatomical structures are located in the mediastinum subdivision?

Heart and trachea

What anatomical structures are located in the pleural subdivision?

lungs and bronci

What two subdivisions are located within the abdominopelvic cavity?

abdominal and pelvic cavity

What anatomical structures are located within the abdominal cavity?

stomach, liver, pancreas

what anatomical structures are located within the pelvic caviy?

bladder and sexual organs

What muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

The diaphragm

What is the difference between parietal and visceral layers of serous membranes?

parietal layers are against the wall of the cavity where visceral layers are against the organs within the cavity.

What does pleural mean?

surrounds the lungs

what does pericardial mean

surrounds the heart

what does peritoneal mean

surrounds the abdominal organs

What does anterior mean?

To the front

What does posterior mean?

to the back

What does prone mean?

On stomach

What does supine mean?

on back

What does superior mean

on top/towards head

what does inferior mean

on bottom/towards feet

what does medial mean

midline of body

what does lateral mean

side of body

what does proximal mean

refers to a position closer to the point of attachment or the center of the body.

what does distal mean

refers to a position farther away from the center of the body or point of attachment.

The brain is ____ to the spinal cord

superior

the nose is ____ to the eyes

medial

the fingers are ___ to the elbow

distal

the thumb is ____ to the pinky

lateral

the skeleton is____ to the skin

deep

the stomach is_____ to the hear

inferior

What axis does a transverse plane have?

sagittal axis

what axis does a sagittal plane have?

frontal axis

what axis does a frontal plane have?

sagittal axis

What plane of motion and axis of rotation:

Action of sitting in a chair

sagittal plane and frontal axis

What plane of motion and axis of rotation:

shaking your head in disappoval

transverse plane and longitudinal axis

What plane of motion and axis of rotation:

flapping your arms during the chicken dance

frontal plane and sagittal axis

What plane of motion and axis of rotation:

shifting your weight from side to side

frontal plane and sagittal axis

Differential diagnosis definition

post clinical evaluation narrowed down to a select few pathologies

definitive diagnosis defintion

certain pathology

What occurs in an initial survey?

Primary survey and secondary survey

What is a primary survey

determines life threatening or limb-threatening conditons

what is a secondary survey

rapid examination of the seriousness of the injruy before the athlete is moved

what is a clinical assessment?

More resources are available to clinician; array of techniques used to obtain information regarding the condition of how it impacts the pts life

What are the SINS of an injury?

severity, irritability, Nature, Stage

What does severity stand for

magnitude of signs and symptoms, use terms like mild/moderate/severe or various grades

dictates whether you refer for more extensive diagnostic imaging

what does irritability stand for

pain tolerance (pain scale 0-10)

often depends on: injury stage and anatomical structures involved

The less irritable the injury is, the more….

detailed your evaluation will be

what does nature stand for

structure involved (sprain v strain v fracture)

what is a strain

pull of muscle

what is a sprain

pull or over stretch of ligament

what is active ROM

pt moves body part on their own

what is passive ROM

clinician moves body part for the pt

what does stage stand for

acute v chronic

How long is acute?

7-10 days

How long is sub acute?

4-6 weeks

how long is chronic?

6-8 weeks to several months

definition of subjective

information provided by the athlete or other individuals

definition of objective

information gathered from special tests or other assessments performed by the clinician

How do clinicians obtain info during the subjective portion of examination?

asking the pt questions:

age, activities, occupation, limb dominance, prior history, immobilization, limitations, number of episodes, history of present condition, ADLs, mechanism of injury

Why is it important to make bilateral comparisons during an injury assessment?

for the purpose of gauging a baseline

How might changes in the pt position change the result of the objective exam?

angles can matter because certain angles can make people stronger or weaker

What things can you observe for throughout an injury assessment?

cuts, scrapes, bumps, weight baring, rolling around, motionless, MOI, equipment

what does MOI stand for?

mechanism of injury

What are things you can palpate throughout an injury assessment?

crepitus, deformity, movement, spasm, moisture, pulse, general contour

What does AROM determine

integrity of contractile tissue

what does PROM determine

integrity of inert tissues

What is hard end feel

bone on bone

what is soft end feel

muscle on muscle

what is firm end feel

tendon structures

What is manual muscle testing

starts with active rom, apply resistance in a portion of rom to isolate a muscle to determine its strength

what is resisted range of motion

providing resistance throughout the entire range of motion to find weaknesses

what is laxity

clear mechanical hyper mobility

what is instability

a subjective symptom something the pt feels

Stress test defintion

used to identify presence of joint laxity. Sprains are graded on a three-degree scale that is based on the amount that the joint opens and the quality of the endpoint relative to the opposite uninvolved, uninjured joint.

joint play definition

normal observable ROM cannot be achieved without sufficient accessory motion. Theses accessory motions can occur via rolling, spinning, or gliding of the surfaces and are assessed using joint play.

What is the seven point scale for joint play

0= ankylosed

1= considerably decreased

2= slightly decreased

3= normal

4= slightly increased

5= considerably increased

6= dramatically increased; pathological

Selective tissue test defintion

involves specific stresses or procedures applied to specific tissues or functions. Tests are unique to specific tissues or functions; structure, joint, body part, or system. Typically not graded based on the magnitude of the findings but rather positive or negative.

provocation defintion

causing pain or instability

alleviation defintion

reducing pain or other symptoms

what types of visual signs may be present if a subject has compromised vascularization

blood pooling, paleness or discoloration

What is a soap note

documentation used to protect you and define what is going on with a patient

What is S in soap

Subjective

what the pt tells us

what is O in soap

objective

what the clinicain observes

what is A in soap

assessment

differential diagnosis

what is p in soap

plan

treatment agenda , referrals, goals

Why is it necessary to examine both active and passive ROM of a volleyball player with a shoulder injury

to see whether or not it is a muscular issue or a more internal issue. If they cant have full active ROM but passive ROM is full that it is most likely a muscular issue.

What is a comparable sign?

recreating the pts complaint of pain

What is the progression of a normal examination?

past medical history

history of present condition

observation

palpation

ROM/Joint/Muscle function assessment

Joint stability/strength

special tests

neurological assessment

vascular assessment

differential diagnosis

disposition

Initial Injury Survey involves?

Primary and Secondary survey

What is a primary survey?

Determines life threatening or limb-threatening conditions

What is a secondary survey?

Rapid examination of the seriousness of the injury before the athlete is moved

Why do a bilateral comparison?

To establish a baseline to compare to

What to look for during observation?

Facial expression, general posture, contour of injured segment, alignment, discoloration

Palpation can aid in detecting

swelling, pain, temperature

Purposes of strength examination are..

Determine musculotendinous resistive ability

Determine neuromuscular integrity

pain level of contractile tissue