Studied by 4 people
What is anatomical position?
Standing erect, head and eyes are directed front. upper limbs are relaxed down to the sides of the body, palms are anterior, feet are shoulder width apart with toes facing front.
What is the purpose of anatomical position?
Provides a clear and consistent way of understanding human anatomy and makers it easier to locate certain structures.
What plane divides the body into equal halves in the midline of the body?
Median or Mid-sagittal plane
what plane divides the body into equal halves front and back?
Frontal plane
What plane divides the body into halves horizontally?
Axial plane
What is the difference between mid-sagittal and sagittal planes?
Mid-sagittal is on the median where sagittal can be off center
What are the two other names for axial plane?
transverse or horizontal
What are the two subdivisions in the thoracic cavity?
mediastinum and pleural
What anatomical structures are located in the mediastinum subdivision?
Heart and trachea
What anatomical structures are located in the pleural subdivision?
lungs and bronci
What two subdivisions are located within the abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal and pelvic cavity
What anatomical structures are located within the abdominal cavity?
stomach, liver, pancreas
what anatomical structures are located within the pelvic caviy?
bladder and sexual organs
What muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
The diaphragm
What is the difference between parietal and visceral layers of serous membranes?
parietal layers are against the wall of the cavity where visceral layers are against the organs within the cavity.
What does pleural mean?
surrounds the lungs
what does pericardial mean
surrounds the heart
what does peritoneal mean
surrounds the abdominal organs
What does anterior mean?
To the front
What does posterior mean?
to the back
What does prone mean?
On stomach
What does supine mean?
on back
What does superior mean
on top/towards head
what does inferior mean
on bottom/towards feet
what does medial mean
midline of body
what does lateral mean
side of body
what does proximal mean
refers to a position closer to the point of attachment or the center of the body.
what does distal mean
refers to a position farther away from the center of the body or point of attachment.
The brain is ____ to the spinal cord
superior
the nose is ____ to the eyes
medial
the fingers are ___ to the elbow
distal
the thumb is ____ to the pinky
lateral
the skeleton is____ to the skin
deep
the stomach is_____ to the hear
inferior
What axis does a transverse plane have?
sagittal axis
what axis does a sagittal plane have?
frontal axis
what axis does a frontal plane have?
sagittal axis
What plane of motion and axis of rotation:
Action of sitting in a chair
sagittal plane and frontal axis
What plane of motion and axis of rotation:
shaking your head in disappoval
transverse plane and longitudinal axis
What plane of motion and axis of rotation:
flapping your arms during the chicken dance
frontal plane and sagittal axis
What plane of motion and axis of rotation:
shifting your weight from side to side
frontal plane and sagittal axis
Differential diagnosis definition
post clinical evaluation narrowed down to a select few pathologies
definitive diagnosis defintion
certain pathology
What occurs in an initial survey?
Primary survey and secondary survey
What is a primary survey
determines life threatening or limb-threatening conditons
what is a secondary survey
rapid examination of the seriousness of the injruy before the athlete is moved
what is a clinical assessment?
More resources are available to clinician; array of techniques used to obtain information regarding the condition of how it impacts the pts life
What are the SINS of an injury?
severity, irritability, Nature, Stage
What does severity stand for
magnitude of signs and symptoms, use terms like mild/moderate/severe or various grades
dictates whether you refer for more extensive diagnostic imaging
what does irritability stand for
pain tolerance (pain scale 0-10)
often depends on: injury stage and anatomical structures involved
The less irritable the injury is, the moreā¦.
detailed your evaluation will be
what does nature stand for
structure involved (sprain v strain v fracture)
what is a strain
pull of muscle
what is a sprain
pull or over stretch of ligament
what is active ROM
pt moves body part on their own
what is passive ROM
clinician moves body part for the pt
what does stage stand for
acute v chronic
How long is acute?
7-10 days
How long is sub acute?
4-6 weeks
how long is chronic?
6-8 weeks to several months
definition of subjective
information provided by the athlete or other individuals
definition of objective
information gathered from special tests or other assessments performed by the clinician
How do clinicians obtain info during the subjective portion of examination?
asking the pt questions:
age, activities, occupation, limb dominance, prior history, immobilization, limitations, number of episodes, history of present condition, ADLs, mechanism of injury
Why is it important to make bilateral comparisons during an injury assessment?
for the purpose of gauging a baseline
How might changes in the pt position change the result of the objective exam?
angles can matter because certain angles can make people stronger or weaker
What things can you observe for throughout an injury assessment?
cuts, scrapes, bumps, weight baring, rolling around, motionless, MOI, equipment
what does MOI stand for?
mechanism of injury
What are things you can palpate throughout an injury assessment?
crepitus, deformity, movement, spasm, moisture, pulse, general contour
What does AROM determine
integrity of contractile tissue
what does PROM determine
integrity of inert tissues
What is hard end feel
bone on bone
what is soft end feel
muscle on muscle
what is firm end feel
tendon structures
What is manual muscle testing
starts with active rom, apply resistance in a portion of rom to isolate a muscle to determine its strength
what is resisted range of motion
providing resistance throughout the entire range of motion to find weaknesses
what is laxity
clear mechanical hyper mobility
what is instability
a subjective symptom something the pt feels
Stress test defintion
used to identify presence of joint laxity. Sprains are graded on a three-degree scale that is based on the amount that the joint opens and the quality of the endpoint relative to the opposite uninvolved, uninjured joint.
joint play definition
normal observable ROM cannot be achieved without sufficient accessory motion. Theses accessory motions can occur via rolling, spinning, or gliding of the surfaces and are assessed using joint play.
What is the seven point scale for joint play
0= ankylosed
1= considerably decreased
2= slightly decreased
3= normal
4= slightly increased
5= considerably increased
6= dramatically increased; pathological
Selective tissue test defintion
involves specific stresses or procedures applied to specific tissues or functions. Tests are unique to specific tissues or functions; structure, joint, body part, or system. Typically not graded based on the magnitude of the findings but rather positive or negative.
provocation defintion
causing pain or instability
alleviation defintion
reducing pain or other symptoms
what types of visual signs may be present if a subject has compromised vascularization
blood pooling, paleness or discoloration
What is a soap note
documentation used to protect you and define what is going on with a patient
What is S in soap
Subjective
what the pt tells us
what is O in soap
objective
what the clinicain observes
what is A in soap
assessment
differential diagnosis
what is p in soap
plan
treatment agenda , referrals, goals
Why is it necessary to examine both active and passive ROM of a volleyball player with a shoulder injury
to see whether or not it is a muscular issue or a more internal issue. If they cant have full active ROM but passive ROM is full that it is most likely a muscular issue.
What is a comparable sign?
recreating the pts complaint of pain
What is the progression of a normal examination?
past medical history
history of present condition
observation
palpation
ROM/Joint/Muscle function assessment
Joint stability/strength
special tests
neurological assessment
vascular assessment
differential diagnosis
disposition
Initial Injury Survey involves?
Primary and Secondary survey
What is a primary survey?
Determines life threatening or limb-threatening conditions
What is a secondary survey?
Rapid examination of the seriousness of the injury before the athlete is moved
Why do a bilateral comparison?
To establish a baseline to compare to
What to look for during observation?
Facial expression, general posture, contour of injured segment, alignment, discoloration
Palpation can aid in detecting
swelling, pain, temperature
Purposes of strength examination are..
Determine musculotendinous resistive ability
Determine neuromuscular integrity
pain level of contractile tissue
Note
Flashcard