Infancy

Quantitative vs. qualitative changes in development

Quantitative changes refer to measurable, numerical changes in development, while qualitative changes involve changes in the nature or quality of behavior or skills.

Characteristics of historically oppressed families

Historically oppressed families may experience systemic barriers, economic disadvantages, and cultural dislocation, impacting their social dynamics and access to resources.

How Western views of children have changed

Western views of children have evolved from seeing them as miniature adults to recognizing their unique developmental needs and rights.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

ACEs are traumatic events occurring before age 18 that can negatively impact health and well-being; prevention strategies include supportive relationships and community resources.

Normative charts

Normative charts are tools used to compare individual development against established norms for age-related milestones.

Quantitative vs. qualitative methods of research

Quantitative methods focus on numerical data and statistical analysis, while qualitative methods explore subjective experiences and meanings through interviews and observations.

Correlational studies vs. experimental studies

Correlational studies examine relationships between variables without manipulation, while experimental studies involve controlled conditions to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Assessment and Accountability Movement

This movement emphasizes the use of standardized assessments to evaluate educational outcomes and hold schools accountable for student performance.

Response to Intervention

Response to Intervention (RTI) is a multi-tiered approach to early identification and support of students with learning and behavior needs.

Summative vs. formative assessments

Summative assessments evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit, while formative assessments provide ongoing feedback to improve learning during the process.

Screening instruments

Screening instruments are tools used to identify individuals at risk for developmental delays or disabilities, allowing for early intervention.

8 theories of child development

The eight theories include maturationist, behaviorist, constructivist, psychoanalytic, sociocultural, ecological, cognitive-developmental, and humanistic approaches.

Genetic disorders

Genetic disorders are diseases caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA, which can affect development and health.

Period of the ovum, embryo, and fetus

The period of the ovum lasts about two weeks post-conception, the embryo stage lasts from the 3rd to the 8th week, and the fetus stage extends from the 9th week until birth.

Three stages of childbirth

The three stages of childbirth are the dilation of the cervix, delivery of the baby, and delivery of the placenta.

Birthing practices across cultures

Birthing practices vary widely across cultures, influenced by beliefs, traditions, and available medical resources.

Types of newborn screening

Newborn screening typically includes tests for metabolic disorders, genetic conditions, and hearing impairments to ensure early detection and treatment.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

SIDS is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant, often during sleep, and is associated with risk factors such as sleep position and environment.

Benefits of breastfeeding

Breastfeeding provides essential nutrients, strengthens the immune system, and fosters bonding between mother and child.

Infant reflexes

Infant reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli, such as the rooting reflex, grasp reflex, and startle reflex, which are crucial for survival and development.

Habituation

Habituation is the process by which an infant becomes less responsive to repeated stimuli, indicating learning and memory capabilities.

Motor developmental milestones

Motor developmental milestones are key physical skills that infants typically achieve at certain ages, such as rolling over, sitting up, and walking.

Infant vision

Infant vision develops rapidly, with newborns seeing primarily in shades of gray and gradually gaining the ability to see colors and focus on objects.

Part C of IDEA

Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) provides early intervention services for infants and toddlers with developmental delays or disabilities.

Piaget's sensorimotor stage and its substages

Piaget's sensorimotor stage occurs from birth to 2 years, involving substages such as reflexive actions, primary circular reactions, and object permanence.

Vygotsky's theory

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development, highlighting the importance of language and collaboration.

Limitations of Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories

Limitations include Piaget's underestimation of children's abilities and Vygotsky's lack of emphasis on biological factors in development.

Types of play

Types of play include primary and secondary circular reactions, simple pretense, and cooperative play, each reflecting different stages of cognitive and social development.

SES and cognitive development

Socioeconomic status (SES) significantly influences cognitive development, affecting access to resources, educational opportunities, and social support.

Receptive vs. productive communication

Receptive communication refers to the ability to understand language, while productive communication involves the ability to express thoughts and ideas verbally.

Stages of babbling

Stages of babbling include cooing, reduplicated babbling, and variegated babbling, marking the progression of language development in infants.

30-million-word gap

The 30-million-word gap refers to the disparity in the number of words heard by children from different socioeconomic backgrounds by age 3, impacting language development.

Bowlby and attachment

Bowlby's attachment theory posits that early relationships with caregivers shape emotional bonds and influence later social and emotional development.

Autonomy and temperament

Autonomy refers to a child's developing independence, while temperament encompasses the individual differences in emotional and behavioral responses.

Social referencing

Social referencing is the process by which infants look to caregivers for cues on how to react in uncertain situations.

Ways to support social and emotional development of kids with disabilities

Support can include creating inclusive environments, fostering peer interactions, and providing tailored emotional support and interventions.

Rough-and-tumble play

Rough-and-tumble play is a form of play characterized by physical activity and playful aggression, promoting social skills and emotional regulation.

Artistic development including the stages of drawing

Artistic development progresses through stages, including scribbling, basic shapes, and representational drawing, reflecting cognitive and motor skills.

Reggio Emilia

Reggio Emilia is an educational philosophy emphasizing child-led learning, creativity, and collaboration in a supportive environment.

Characteristics of preoperational thought

Preoperational thought, according to Piaget, is characterized by egocentrism, symbolic thinking, and difficulty understanding conservation and perspective-taking.

Executive functions

Executive functions are cognitive processes that enable goal-directed behavior, including working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control.

Theories of mind

Theories of mind refer to the understanding that others have thoughts, beliefs, and intentions that may differ from one's own, crucial for social interactions.

Inclusive classrooms

Inclusive classrooms integrate students with diverse abilities and backgrounds, promoting acceptance and collaboration among all learners.

Phonology

Phonology is the study of the sound systems of languages, including the rules governing the structure and organization of sounds.

Overgeneralization vs. overrestriction

Overgeneralization occurs when children apply grammatical rules too broadly, while overrestriction involves applying rules too narrowly.

Cultural differences in pragmatics

Cultural differences in pragmatics affect how language is used in social contexts, including variations in conversational norms and nonverbal communication.

Stages of early book reading

Stages of early book reading include exploring books, recognizing familiar words, and beginning to understand narrative structure.

Components of pretend play

Components of pretend play include imagination, role-taking, and the use of props, which foster cognitive and social development.

OREO approach to play intervention

The OREO approach to play intervention involves observing, reflecting, engaging, and organizing play activities to enhance learning and development.

Indicators of emotional health in preschoolers

Indicators of emotional health in preschoolers include the ability to express emotions appropriately, form relationships, and cope with challenges.

Initiative vs. guilt

Initiative vs. guilt is a stage in Erikson's psychosocial development where children assert control and power over their environment, balancing initiative with feelings of guilt.

Cultural differences in emotional development

Cultural differences in emotional development influence how emotions are expressed, understood, and managed within different societies.

Sociometric interview to assess peer status

A sociometric interview assesses peer status by evaluating children's social relationships and preferences within a group.

Parten's stages of social participation

Parten's stages of social participation include unoccupied play, solitary play, onlooker play, parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play.

Types of aggression

Types of aggression include physical aggression, verbal aggression, relational aggression, and proactive aggression, each with distinct motivations and expressions.

Peer acceptance as it relates to culture

Peer acceptance can vary across cultures, influencing children's social interactions and the importance placed on conformity and individuality.

Impact of siblings

Siblings can significantly influence each other's development through role modeling, socialization, and emotional support.

Types of families

Types of families include nuclear families, extended families, single-parent families, and blended families, each with unique dynamics and structures.

Baumrind's parenting styles and how these look across cultures

Baumrind identified four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful, which can manifest differently across various cultures.

Risk and protective factors

Risk factors increase the likelihood of negative outcomes, while protective factors enhance resilience and promote positive development.