HIS 108 Exam 2 - Summers

Benjamin Rush

Patriot. Believed USA could rebuild itself with democracy and public education for boys and girls. Wanted to free Americans of luxury and conspicuous consumption. Believed WAR was evil. "Father of modern psychiatry". Supporter of anti slavery. Helped poor by giving medical treatment free of charge. Created Dickenson College. Believed only educated women could raise children. 1770-1800

3/5 compromise

Compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which slaves would be counted as 3/5 of the population of purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. It does not forbid slavery or declare what could be allowed to be property.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution who saw it as a limitation on individual and states' rights; their demands led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to make sure the people knew their rights. 1789

Alexander Hamilton

Was a Federalist so he favored a strong national government and loose interpretation of the Constitution because it would allow him to create a national bank.
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. Was a cabinet member of George Washington.

Jefferson

American soldier and politician who became the first president (1801-1809) of the Confederacy. Led the Confederacy during the Civil War.

John Adams

1828. He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. Father of John Quincey Adams. Thought that there would be a Civil War over slavery.

George Washington

1789. First president. Lead General in Revolutionary War. Supported Federalist system.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem

Shay's Rebellion

(1787) Massachusetts, farmer Daniel Shays and 1200 compatriots took up arms, seeking debt relief through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, attempted to prevent courts from seizing property from indebted farmers. Caused people to realize they needed a stronger government

Alien & Sedition Acts

(1798) Four measures passed during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of non citizens.
*** Act: The president can jail any foreign person. No need to worry about trials
*** Act: You cannot print any words opposing any act against the president, if you did it you would be jailed.

Federalists

1789. Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Neutrality Proclamation

Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

Jay Treaty

Treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 by Chief Justice John Jay; Britain agreed to vacate forts in the Northwest Territories, and festering disagreements (border with Canada, prewar debts, shipping claims) would be settled by commission.

Northwest Ordinance

1787--Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.

XYZ Affair

1798 - Incident in which French agents demanded a bribe and loan from the U.S. diplomats in exchange for discussing an agreement that French privateers would no longer attack American ships; led to an undeclared war between U.S. and France

Embargo

A ban on all American vessels sailing for foreign ports. Led to the American ports plummeting by 80 percent. Led to the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809. Jefferson persuaded Congress to enact this in 1807.

Mosquito Fleet

Term for small US navy leading up to the war of 1812. The name given to the smaller fleet of ships in the American Navy created by Jefferson; he created a smaller fleet of ships to cut back on spending; turned out to be bad because this smaller fleet was subject to impressment and was weak during the Barbary Wars

Lewis & Clark

(1804-1806) Commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

Macon Bill #2

In 1810, Madison adopted this new policy. Allowed trade to resume but provided that if either France or Britain ceased interfering with American rights, the president could reimpose an embargo on the other.

Orders in Council

Prohibited neutral vessels from entering ports on the French coast between Elbe and Brest unless they carried products of its own country or those of Great Britain. Led to the War of 1812. passed in 1807

Manumission

Act of a slave owner freeing his slaves before the passage of the 13th amendment Amendment abolishing slavery. 1800s

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Marbury v. Madison

(1803) First US Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law - The Judiciary Act of 1801 - unconstitutional.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

US Supreme court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall, holding that Maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the US, supported the authority of the federal government versus the states. 1819

B.U.S. (Bank of the Unites States)

Proposed by the first secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, the bank opened in 1791 and operated until 1811 to issue a uniform currency, make business loans, and collect tax monies.

Andrew Jackson

7th President. "old Hickory" Military leader in the Battle of New Orleans. led to the creation of the modern Democratic Party. Pro slavery and pro Indian removal. Responsible for the Trial of Tears. 1820s

Martin van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.
8th President

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death. He was a strong supporter of the American System, supporter of John Quincey Adams who made him Secretary of State 1824, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists in 1814, to protest the War of 1812; proposed seven constitutional amendments (limiting embargoes and changing requirements for office holding, deceleration of war, and admission of new states), but the war ended before Congress could respond.

Daniel Webster

1830 A senator from Massachusetts, responded to South Carolina senator Robert Y Hayne. The people not the states created the Constitution making the federal government sovereign. He called nullification illegal, unconstitutional, and treasonous.

John C. Calhoun

1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Bladensburg Races

During the War of 1812, Americans were defeated when they didn't fight. Instead they ran away and the British captured D.C. and burned the White House.

Battle of New Orleans

The war's greatest American victory. Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans in 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814

Winfield Scott

General during the war of 1812. Very professional. Closest to taking Canada but lost too many troops

"corrupt bargain"

election of 1824. (John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson) John Quincy Adams won the election as a result of Clay's support. Adams appointment Clay as secretary of state which led Jackson to say the election as "corrupt"

Bank War

(1829-1837) Attempts by Andrew Jackson to break up the 2nd American Bank. The bank had considerable influence over all financial matters of the US. Jackson saw the bank as monopoly.

Safety Valve Theory

This states that when hard times hit, the unemployed move west, took up farming and became prosperous. With the close of the frontier the less fortunate had no place to start a new life, thus leading to urban overcrowding and inner city problemsWhich gave rise to the Homestead Act of 1862 in the United States proposed to give free land in the west to void over population in the east

Trail of Tears

Cherokee's own term for their forced removal, 1838-1839, from the Southeast to Indian lands; of 15000 forced to march, 4000 died on the way. Andrew Jackson's orders.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader of the Indian confederacy. Tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813

Tippecanoe

1811 victory by General Harrison, in which he destroyed the headquarters of Tecumseh's Indian confederation. Although the US forces suffered heavy losses, Harrison was considered a victor and a hero

Red Sticks

Name given to the Creek Indians that were defeated, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, by an army of Americans and pro-assimilation Cherokees and Creeks under the command of Andrew Jackson. 800 of them died and half of their land was taken and given to federal government.

Timothy Dexter

Odd American merchant who became rich for thinking "outside the box". Sent warming pans to west indies. America had a cat infestation and he bought all the cats and sent them overseas to combat a mice problem.....RICH! 1800

Frederic Tudor

In the late 19th century, he was a American businessman and Ice king of Boston. Shipped ice to foreign countries.

Limited Liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

General incorporation

says you don't need a special charter from the legislator. Anyone who wants to set up just has to follow certain procedures and they can become a corporation. Corporations have to have a charter from the legislator that state specifically what must happen.

Missouri Crisis

1820, disputes about letting Missouri into the union as a slave or anti slave state. Led to the Missouri Compromise in which it was let in as a slave state because Maine was made into a free state thanks to Henry Clay

William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society

John Quincy Adams

1823, he drafted a section of the presidential's annual message to congress known as the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress. 1824 ran against Andrew Jackson

"gag rule"

Rule adopted by the House of Representatives in 1836 prohibiting consideration of abolitionist petitions; opposition, led by former president John Quincy Adams

Nullification

1828, Concept of invalidation of a federal law within the borders of a state; first expounded in Thomas Jefferson's draft of Kentucky resolution against Alien and Sedition Acts

Disestablishment

Separation of church and state; no religion is officially supported by the state/government; opposed tax-supported church

Frederick Jackson Turner

He argued that the moving western frontier shaped American democracy and the American character from the colonial era until 1890. Everyone in east, instead of getting caught up in war they can just move west

James Madison

4th President of the United States
"Father of the Constitution". His proposals for an effective government became the Virginia Plan, which was the basis for the Constitution. Created the Balancing Acts

Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe's deceleration to Congress in 1823, that the American continents would be thenceforth closed to European colonization, and the the United States would not interfere in European affairs.

Cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. Sped up the cotton process and made profitable the cultivation of the short-staple cotton. Led to the dramatic 19th century expansion of slavery in the South.

Miamis

Eastern Algonquin Indians. Had control of northern states (Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan) This group, along with other Indian nations, signed the Treaty of Greeneville after losing at Fallen Timbers. They give up their lands.

Edmond Genet

A young French diplomat sent to win American support in 1723. Instead he recruited Americans for the war effort against Great Britain.

Louisiana Purchase

President Thomas Jefferson's 1803 purchase from France of the important port of New Orleans and 828,000 square miles west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; it more than doubled the territory of the US at a cost of only 15 million.

Treaty of Greenville

late 1700s treaty turning over land (such as Ohio) from Indians to westerns after the battle fallen timbers. Established the annuity system.

2nd Great awakening

1790, Religious revival movement of the early decades of the nineteenth century, in reaction to the growth of secularism and rationalist religion; began the predominance of the Baptist and Methodist churches.

Harrison Land Act

1800-- Wanted to sale government land out west. Payments were cheap and easy. In two years a large amount of land has been sold. More land has been sold in 18 months than there was in the 18 years before the land was in use. Sped up western expansion

American System

1815, Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Lowell

The most famous center of early textile industries during the late 1800s. The workforce there was dominated by young unmarried women from Yankee farm families. The first time in history that large numbers of women left their homes to participate in the public world.

Erie Canal

Fist waterway from the sea to the western great lakes. A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Eli Whitney

1790s An American inventor who developed the cotton gin (revolutionized American slavery.) Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the reaper (greatly increased the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest) in 1831.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship. His invention made upstream commerce possible. (1807)