Anatomy & Physiology: Levels of Physiological Organisation

Practice flashcards covering levels of physiological organization, four primary tissue types, anatomical directional terms, and body planes based on lecture notes.

What are the six levels of physiological organization in the human body, ordered from smallest to largest?

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal level.

What occurs at the chemical level of physiological organization?

Atoms combine to form molecules.

How is the cellular level defined in physiological organization?

Cells are made up of molecules.

How is the tissue level defined in physiological organization?

Tissues consist of similar types of cells.

How is the organ level defined in physiological organization?

Organs are made up of different types of tissues.

How is the organ system level defined in physiological organization?

Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.

How is the organismal level defined in physiological organization?

The human organism is made up of many organ systems.

What are the four primary types of tissues in the human body?

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue.

What are the primary functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, secretion, and absorption.

What specialized structures are classified as specialized epithelial tissues?

Glands.

Where is epithelial tissue located in the human body?

It lines all hollow structures/organs and covers internal cavities.

How is epithelial tissue broadly classified based on cell layers?

As simple or stratified.

Which types of epithelial tissues are shown in this diagram?

Simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and stratified columnar epithelium.

What primary functions are associated with connective tissues?

Structural support, protection of organs, and locomotion.

What three structural components are identified in the provided connective tissue diagram?

Elastin fiber, fibroblasts, and collagen fiber.

What is the primary function of nerve tissue?

Generation and conduction of electrical signals to provide communication and coordination between cells, tissues, and organs.

Through what two types of electrical potentials does nerve tissue achieve communication and coordination?

Local potentials and action potentials.

What specialized function do muscle tissues perform to facilitate locomotion, peristalsis, and blood flow?

They contract to produce force.

Which muscle tissue is under voluntary control, and which division of the nervous system controls it?

Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control and is regulated by the somatic nervous system (somatic NS).

Which muscle tissues are under involuntary control, and what systems regulate them?

Cardiac and smooth muscle are under involuntary control, regulated by the autonomic nervous system (autonomic NS) and endocrine control.

Which three types of muscle tissue are shown in this histology micrograph from left to right?

(a) Skeletal muscle, (b) Cardiac muscle, and (c) Smooth muscle.

In anatomical terminology, what do the terms 'cranial' or 'cephalic' mean?

Toward the head (e.g., cranial nerves are in the head).

In anatomical terminology, what does the term 'caudal' mean?

Toward the tail (coccyx in humans).

What do the anatomical directional terms 'posterior' (dorsal) and 'anterior' (ventral) mean?

Posterior or dorsal refers to the back surface/back, while anterior or ventral refers to the front surface/belly side.

What is the difference between 'medial' and 'lateral' directional terms?

Medial means toward the midline, whereas lateral means away from the midline.

What is the difference between 'proximal' and 'distal' directional terms?

Proximal means toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk, whereas distal means away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk.

What is the difference between 'superficial' and 'deep' directional terms?

Superficial means at, near, or relatively close to the body surface, whereas deep means toward the interior of the body (farther from the surface).

What anatomical directional terms are illustrated in this full-body reference diagram?

Proximal, distal, medial, lateral, cranial or cephalic, caudal, posterior or dorsal, anterior or ventral, superficial, and deep.

What main body planes divide the human body?

Frontal, transverse, sagittal (midsagittal and parasagittal), and oblique planes.

What is the difference between a midsagittal plane and a parasagittal plane?

A midsagittal plane passes through the midline, whereas a parasagittal plane divides the body parallel to the midline.

Which planes of division are illustrated in this body plane diagram?

Frontal plane, transverse plane, midsagittal plane (through midline), parasagittal plane, and oblique plane.