A Level History - Russia chapter 3

When did Lenin return to Russia?

3rd April 1917

When did the first All-Russian Congress Soviet meet?

3rd June 1917

When did Trotsky join the Bolsheviks?

2nd July 1917

When where the July Days?

3rd - 5th July 1917

What were the July Days?

a period of anti-government demonstrations in Petrograd

When did Kerensky become Prime Minister?

8th July 1917

When did Trotsky become chairman of the Petrograd Soviet?

26 September 1917

When did Lenin call for a meeting of the Central Committee and persuade them to agree to his call for a revolution?

10 October 1917

When was the Military Revolutionary Committee set up?

16 October

Who set up the Military Revolutionary Committee?

Trotsky and Dzerzhinsky

How many members did the Bolsheviks have at the time of the February revolution?

23,000

How many representatives did the Bolsheviks have in the Soviet?

40

How many were in the Soviet overall?

1500

Who were the first Bolshevik leaders to arrive back in Petrograd?

Lev Kamenev and Josef Vissarionovich

When did Lev Kamenev and Stalin arrive back in Petrograd?

mid-March

Where had Lenin been in exile?

Switzerland

Why did the Germans allow Lenin to pass through on the way to Russia?

They thought he would stir up trouble and weaken Russia so that German troops could defeat them in the war

How many comrades travelled with Lenin back to Russia?

31

For how many years had Lenin been in exile?

17

When did Lenin write his "letters from afar"?

between 7 and 26 March

What was Lenin's most controversial idea that the Mensheviks and many Bolsheviks disagreed with?

the idea that it was the party's job to bring about a second revolution

Why did Lenin feel the party should bring about a second revolution?

the Russian middle class was too weak to carry through a full "bourgeois revolution"

What did Lenin believe would happen to Europe?

it was on the brink of a socialist revolution

What was the stage called that the Mensheviks and most Bolsheviks felt needed to happen before a socialist revolution?

a "bourgeois" revolution

What is the theory of permanent revolution?

as he believed the whole of Europe was on the brink of socialist revolution anyway, Lenin felt there was no need for the Russian revolution to confine itself to bourgeois democratic values

What did the April Theses say concerning the Provisional Government?

it said that the Provisional government should not be supported at all, and that the falsity of its promises should be made clear

What did the April Theses say concerning revolution?

the country was passing from the first stage of revolution to the second

What did the April Theses say concerning the war?

it should be brought to an immediate end

What did the April Theses say concerning power?

power should be placed in the hands of the soviet and the proletariat

What did the April Theses say concerning land?

the land should be taken over by the state and re-allocated to peasants by local soviets

What have the demands of the April Theses often been summed up as?

"peace, bread and land"

What was the motto which supported the April Theses?

"All power to the soviets"

How did Lenin eventually get the Bolsheviks to agree to the terms of the April Theses?

due to his skills of persuasion, tact retreat and compromise and threats of resignation

What did Lenin have to change in his April Theses to make people eventually agree with him?

he abandoned his call for an immediate overthrow of the Provisional Government

What did Lenin claim credit for that he didn't actually do?

claimed credit for peasants' seizure of land in the countryside, and for the massive anti-war demonstration in Petrograd in April

When was the anti-war demonstration in Petrograd?

April 1917

When did Milyukov and Guchkov resign from the Provisional Government?

May 1917

What was the vote passed in the first All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

passed a vote of confidence in the Provisional Government by 543 votes to 126

How did the July Days start?

sailors at the Kronstadt naval base organised an armed demonstration and used Bolshevik slogans

Why did the demonstrations in July put Lenin in a difficult position?

he couldn't condemn them, as they supported him, but couldn't give full support as he knew a premature revolution risked defeat

Who was blamed for the bloodshed of the July Days?

the Bolsheviks

Which Bolshevik leaders fled after the July Days?

Lenin and Stalin

Which Bolshevik leaders were imprisoned after the July Days?

Kamenev and Trotsky

Why did Lenin's reputation fall?

he fled Petrograd rather than leading

Who did Kerensky replace as Prime Minister?

Prince Lvov

Where did Lenin flee to after the July Days?

Finland

When did Trotsky arrive back in Russia after the February revolution?

May

What happened to grain prices between February and June?

doubled

How many factories closed between February and June?

586

How many jobs were lost between February and July?

100,000

How many soldiers from Kronstadt demonstrated?

20,000

When was Trotsky elected to the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

June

When did Trotsky become a committed Bolshevik?

in prison (July Days)

What party had Trotsky been part of before he joined the Bolsheviks?

he was a Menshevik

When was the Brusilov Offensive in Galicia?

June 1916

When was the Kornilov coup?

end of August 1917

When was Kornilov appointed commander-in-chief of the army?

July 1917

Why did Kerensky appoint Kornilov as commander-in-chief of the army?

To attempt to restore discipline after increased desertions and anti-war sentiment after the disasterous Brusilov offensive

What measure did Kornilov reinstate?

The death penalty

Who opposed Kornilov?

Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, SRs

Who supported Kornilov?

landowners and businessmen

Why did the Provisional Government have little support in summer 1917?

food supplies were chaotic, wages fell as prices rose, war continued, government fails to distribute land

What right was confirmed to factory owners in summer 1917?

the right of factory owners to dismiss workers who went on strike, and meetings of factory soviets during working hours was forbidden

What was the suspicion about the PG?

that the 'bourgeois' government was deliberately delaying a move to tester democracy in order to preserve its own power

How many regiments of troops did Kornilov order to march on Petrograd?

6

What did Kerensky do when Kornilov refused to halt?

released and armed imprisoned Bolsheviks

How did the Kornilov coup end?

the supply lines were cut and the coup leaders were arrested

How did the Bolsheviks benefit from the Kornilov coup? (3)

took the lead in organising the Petrograd Red Guards, milked propaganda opportunities, gained popularity

How many Bolshevik members were there by October 1917?

200,000

How many Bolshevik newspapers were there by October 1917?

41

How many Red Guards did the Bolsheviks command by October 1917?

10,000

In which soviets did the Bolsheviks win majority?

Moscow and Petrograd

When did the Bolsheviks win majority in the Moscow and Petrograd soviets?

September 1917

When did Kerensky send more radical army units out of Petrograd?

5 October 1917

When did the Soviet adopt a resolution in response to Kerensky sending army units out of Petrograd?

9 October 1917

Who wrote the Soviet resolution?

Trotsky

What was in the Soviet resolution in October 1917?

create a military revolutionary centre in order to protect Petrograd from attacks being prepared by "civil Kornilovites"

When did Lenin suggest that "History will not forgive us is we do not assume power now"?

12 September 1917

What did Trotsky believe should be done instead of revolution in September 1917?

they should work through the Petrograd Soviet and wait for the Congress of Soviets

When did Lenin come back to harangue the central committee?

10 October 1917

What was the outcome of the vote after Lenin harangued them?

10 to 2

Who disagreed with Lenin even after he harangued them?

Kamenev and Zenoviev

Who organised the revolution?

Trotsky

Who set up the Military Revolutionary Centre?

Trotsky and Dzerzhinsky

When was the Military Revolutionary Centre set up?

16 October 1917

How many members of the MRC were Bolsheviks?

48

How many people were there in the MRC?

66

How many of Petrograd's 18 garrison units declared allegiance to the Soviet over the PG?

15

What did Trotsky do to organise the revolution? (2)

sent speakers around factories to whip up support, sent commissars to Petrograd's garrison units

How many Red Guards did the committee come to control after Trotsky whipped up support?

200,000

How many Baltic sailors did the committee come to control after Trotsky whipped up support?

60,000

How many soldiers of the remaining Petrograd garrisons did the committee come to control after Trotsky whipped up support?

150,000

When did the Bolshevik Revolution officially begin?

25 October

What was the name of the party newspaper?

pravda

Who was Chkheidze?

a socialist Democrat position who has been a member of the fourth duma and became president of executive committee of the Petrograd soviet, disagreed with Lenin

What station did Lenin arrive at?

finland station

Where was the Bolshevik HQ?

at the smolny institute

What group did Trotsky form after the Kornilov coup?

the Red Guard