(1) ONE HEALTH AND ANIMAL WELFARE

VMED 101 LESSON 1

ONE HEALTH’s goal

goal: achieve optimal health and well- being outcomes recognizing the interconnections between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment.

One health recognizes

recognizes the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and wider environment (including ecosystems) are closely linked and inter- dependent

global issues that One Health works to
address: (7)

o antimicrobial resistance
o biodiversity loss
o degradation
o ecosystem function
o emerging infectious diseases
o environmental contamination
o habitat use conflicts

Zoonoses

any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans

animals play an essential role in maintaining zoonotic infections in nature

True

What is the cause of public health problems

close relationship with animals in agriculture

effects of major zoonotic diseases

prevent efficient production of food of animal origin and create obstacles to international trade in animal products

HIV

begin as zoonosis, but later mutate into human-only strains

Ebola Virus and salmonellosis

caused by zoonoses (recurring disease outbreaks)

Prevention and control

safe and appropriate guidelines for animal care in the agricultural sector

Purpose of prevention and control

help to reduce the potential for foodborne zoonotic disease outbreaks through foods (meat, eggs, dairy, vegetables)

Antimicrobial resistance

occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death

Effect of the use of antibiotics in animals (under antimicrobial assistance)

increases the potential for drug-resistant strains of zoonotic pathogens capable of spreading quickly in animal and human populations.

complicating factor in the control and prevention of zoonoses

Antimicrobial resistance

Who is at risk? (Zoonoses)

-Markets (new undocumented pathogens)
-Agricultural workers (high use of antibiotics for farm animals - high risk of pathogens resistant to current antimicrobial drugs)
-People living adjacent to wilderness or in semi-urban areas (risk of disease from animals)

increase the risk of zoonotic diseases by increasing contact between humans and wild animals

Urbanization and the destruction of natural habitats

Major Zoonoses

• Rabies
• Dengue
• Toxoplasmosis
• Leptospirosis
• Anthrax
• Plague
• Zika
• Salmonella (non-typhoidal)
• Intestinal parasites

Human Health

resilience and adaptation
individual and community well being

Animal Health

subsistence food safety and sustainability
stable, healthy, wildlife populations

Environmental Health

safe air, water, plant-based food, shelter and sanitation

non-human animals

to emphasize that humans too are animals

Another transmission of zoonoses

bi-directional

bi-directional transmission of zoonoses

humans to animals

Anthroponoses

diseases passed from humans to humans; humans to non-human animals

Journal Article by Gabler and Clark in 1995

warned about dengue being a global health problem; after 2nd world war

Why dengue has spread

1. bad mosquito control
2. demographic changes
3. ease of travel
4. deterioration of public health infrastructure

factor that causes rapid spread of disease

Urbanization

reasons for stranded marine mammals

o increased intrusion into the seas of large fishing vessels that seem to disorient the cetaceans or injure their navigational senses
o fall ill from our pollution of the seas, including the cetaceans ingesting large amounts of plastic, and choking to death

COVID-19

thrive in wildlife species (bats) but has mutated and transferred to humans

increasing demand for wildlife animals as food

prompting the World Health Organization to warn about wildlife markets as contributing to the increasing prevalence of zoonoses

climate emergency results into

new diseases and new patterns of spread for old diseases

three elements of One Health

-triad of human health, animal health, and the environment
-supports global health security (to address shared health threats such as zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, food safety and others.)