Sociology

Deviance

Behavior that departs from societal or group norms.

Positive deviance

Behavior that over conforms to norms and social expectations.

Negative deviance

Behavior that fails to meet accepted norms.

Social control

Ways to encourage conformity to society’s norms.

Internal social control

Control lying within the individual.

External social control

Control based on social sanctions.

Social sanctions

Positive or negative measures to encourage desired behaviors.

Positive sanctions

e.g., promotions, used to encourage desired behaviors.

Negative sanctions

e.g., criticism, fines, used to discourage undesired behaviors.

Anomie

Social condition with weak or conflicting norms, or their absence.

Strain Theory

Gap between cultural goals and legitimate means leads to deviance.

Control Theory

Social bonds control behavior, preventing deviant acts.

Differential association theory

Individuals learn deviance based on exposure.

Labeling theory

Society creates deviance by labeling individuals as deviant.

Primary deviance

Engaging in isolated acts of deviance.

Secondary deviance

Life and identity organized around breaking norms.

Stigmas

Undesirable labels used to deny full social acceptance.

Conflict Theory

Rich and powerful determine deviance and punishment.

White Collar crimes

e.g., fraud, bribery, committed by corporations.

Deterrence

Approach warning others to prevent crimes.

Retribution

Punishment making criminals pay for their acts.

Rehabilitation

Process of reforming criminals through socialization.

Recidivism

Repetition of criminal behavior.

Reasons for high recidivism rate

Nature of offenders, influence of criminals, stigma of ex-convicts.