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how nervous system adapted for a reflex action

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1

how nervous system adapted for a reflex action

  • receptor detects stimulus

  • receptor generate impulses

  • neurones conduct impulses

  • neurone A conducts impulses to spinal cord

  • neurone A = sensory neurone

  • synapse between neurones

  • chemical, neurotransmitters crosses synapse,

  • chemical stimulates impulses in neurone b

  • neurone B = relay neurone

  • neurone C = motor neurone

  • effector carries out response

  • muscles contract or gland secretes chemicals

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2

why is it hard to treat someone with brain damage

  • limited ability to repair nervous tissue

  • any potential treatment could cause more or permanent damage

  • current understanding of brain function if limits

  • can’t treat parts in isolation

  • interpreting MRI scans can be complicated

  • ethical issues treating people who can’t consent

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3

explain how each person can correct their eye defect with lenses

  • need a concave/divergent lens

  • concave lens diverge light rays, before they enter the eye

  • need convex/convergent lens

  • converge light rays before they enter the eye

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4

how often to check germination experiment

  • days

  • hours too small to notice changes and weeks too long, so will miss growth

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5

effect of using cotton wool instead of pad

  • cotton wool ball is uneven pad is even thickness

  • change the volume and distribution of water available to seedlings

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6

explain reason for increase in oestrogen in first 14 days

  • needs to build up the uterus lining

  • high levels needed for LH to be released, and ovulation to occur

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7

how can hormonal contraceptives be used to treat endometriosis

  • progesterone can be given to maintain high concentration

  • this prevents menstrual cycle

  • uterus cell build up can be reduced if progesterone keep high

  • high progesterone prevent uterus cell break don

  • brekaodn of cells but Ould not be Abe to leave the body in the same way that could cause symptoms

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8

compare changes in blood glucose concentration, and then explain why

  • similarities

    • concentration rises and falls

    • highest concentration for both at 60 minutes

    • no effect seen for 30 minute

  • in diabetic person, no insulin being produced from pancrease

    • so excess glucose not being absorbed from the blood

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9

method to test if diabetes cause high blood glucose level

test urine for glucose

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10

define a habitat

non living parts of an ecosystem

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11

why peat bog needs to be protected

  • disruption of food chain or migration if habitats removed

  • maintaining biodiversity is important as species can provide resources, like pollinators

  • draining lead can lead to more flooding and soil erosion

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12

how to know if unsustainably getting

  • increased number of fish caught

  • number ff fish in the population able to breed is decreasgin

  • not enough fish are being left to reed to replace the fish being caugh

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13

why intensive grow faster

  • cannot move freely, less energy loss, more food available, more energy for growth

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14

disadvantage to intensive farming of fish

  • concern about animal welfare

  • cruel to tua

  • unethical or imoral

  • lac of spce

  • poorer favour, unlit, less od

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15

why its diabetes have higher blood insulin concentration

  • cells absorb less glcose

  • so glucose concentration in blood remains high

  • which stimulates pancreas to release more inulin

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16

if gene resistance to herbicide transfer to crop, what is the advantage of making crop plants resistant to herbicide

  • can use the red killer to kill weeds but not affect crops

  • so less competition for nutrient

  • so crops have higher yield

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17

how to maintain rate of higher rate of reproduction of bacterial culture

  • add more sugar

  • amino acids

  • oxygen

  • increase temperature

  • remove toxins

  • stir the culture

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18

two biological reason kidney transplant better

  • changes in concentration of urea are minised

    • so less chance of casein damage to body cells

  • not repeadtly puncturing skin

    • so less chance of infection, no need to take anti clotting drugs

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19

reason hen culturing for
- several groups of cells scape off
- nutrient added to jelly
- hormones added to jellly
- plant cell keep in sterile conditions
- kept at 20c

  • so many plants can be reprodung

  • for making protein

  • so differentiation occurs

  • to prevent growth of microorganiss

  • so optimum growth

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20

how spectacle lens fix long sightedness

  • converging lens

  • light rays refracted inwards more

  • light rays focused on retina

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21

problem for light sighted

  • eyeball too shot

  • light focuses behind retina

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22

form clear on nearer

  • ciliary muscles contract, so they have a smaller diametes

  • so suspensory ligaments loosen, so lens thickens

  • thicker lens is more convergent

  • light rays focused on retina

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23

explain ho phototropism in plant shoot helped plant to survive

  • leaves receive more light

  • more photosntheis

  • produce more glucose

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24

effect of light from one direction ontbhe growth of plant seedlings

  • several seedlings in each batch, measure heights of shoot, leave some in dark with light from one side, control it all round light,

  • same temp, water, soil type

  • after suitable time, record appears of seeldsin, remeasure height, detail of how bent shoots are,

  • calculate mean height increase

  • use protector to estimate angle of bedding

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25

benefit of ions

  • potassium stronger root

  • phosphate, flowers or fruit growth

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26

burget-

  • more cholesterol, narrowing of ratios,

  • more fat, narrowing of arties

  • carb, provide the energy

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27

why experiment with quadrant may be incorrect

  • too few quadrants

  • sample may not be representative of the lan, if not placed radnomly

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28

farming techniques, hy ore land is used and how it’s decreased biodiversity

  • increase population, farming crops for biofuels, peat use as compost and fuel, increase sue of pesticide

  • deforestation, monocultures, loss of hedgerows and habitat, change in migration, fertilise run off polluting water, use of positive reduce insects, damage food chain, more soil erosion

  • more carbon dioxide from machinery, more methane

  • climate change, acid rain and desertifation

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29

how does iris cause change

  • muscle contraction

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30

how does carbon dioxide increase, increase temperature

  • traps heat

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31

why more water lost through skin when running

  • more sweating

  • as exercise release heat

    • need to cool the body

    • need to lose heat

    • need to maintain body temperature

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32

why does breathing rate increase during running

  • more energy needed

  • so more aerobic respiration

  • so increase breathing rate

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33

speciation works

  • isolation of different populations

  • habitat variation between lumber popluations

  • genetic variation or mutation

  • better adapted survive and pas on favourable alleles to offspring

  • eventually canon produce fertile offspring with other populations

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34

how are they carried over

  • carried by favourable current on masses of vegetation

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35

sewage, with organic matter and bacteria, causes fish to die

  • bacteria decay organic matter by digestion

  • and bacteria respire arobicdally

  • which lpwoers oxygen concenttion

  • so reduce energy supply, causes heat of fish

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36

how is biomass lost

  • inedible parts

  • faeces

  • respiration

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37

effect of moving or not

  • uneven distribution of hormone

  • even distribution of hormone in b

  • so top grows faster than bottom in root A

  • and equal growth in b

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38

how to sexual reproduction useful

  • genetic variation

  • so better adapted to survie

  • and colonise new areas by seed dispersal

  • Manny offspring, so higher probability some will survive

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39

experiment, light intensity affects number of dandelion plants that grown in a certain area,

  • placing of quadrats

  • large number of quadrants used

  • how randomness achieves, table fo radnom number

  • quadrants placed at coordinates

  • in each of two area of different light intensities

  • running through areas of differ light intensity

  • for each quadrant count number of dandelions and measure light intensit

  • compare data from different

  • large number of the quadrants used

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