VMT 209 - Final Boss

Infectious disease is caused by…

infectious agents

Infectious agents are…

microorganisms found in nature that are harmful to animals and/or plants

If microorganisms can cause disease they are…

pathogenic

What are the four types of infectious agents?

1. bacteria

2. fungi

3. virus

4. parasite

Bacteria are….

unicellular prokaryotes

Bacteria reproduce by…

binary fission

Plasmids are…

small extra chromosomal DNA/RNA responsible for antimicrobial resistance

Viruses are…

small collections of genetic code, surrounded by a protein coat

Viruses are NOT alive because…

they do not reproduce independently

Viruses will infect living cells and…

make replicas of themselves

Fungi are…

non-photosynthesizing eukaryotes

Fungi can be ______ or _______.

unicellular, multicellular

If a fungi is pathogenic it will secrete…

myotoxins

Parasites are…

organisms that live in/on another organism and depends on the host for survival

Endoparasites reside…

within the host

Ectoparasites reside…

outside the host

Parasitism means…

the parasite benefits at the expense of the host

Epidemiology is the branch of medicine that…

deals with incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases

Veterinary epidemiologists protect human and animals by…

studying the spread and control of diseases

Zoonosis is…

an infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans (and vice versa)

The three components of the epidemiological triad are…

1. agent

2. host

3. environment

Colonization is…

the adherence and initial multiplication at the site of entry

Infection is…

the invasion and establishment of pathogens in host tissues

If an infection is latent it is…

hidden/inactive

If an infection is active it is…

actively multiplying

Disease is the level of…

disruption and/or damage

Recovery can be _______ or ________.

complete, incomplete

If recovery is incomplete the disease may be…

latent or chronic

Infectivity is…

the likelihood to cause infection

Pathogenicity is…

the ability of a pathogen to cause disease

Virulence is…

the likelihood to cause severe disease

Incubation period is…

the time from exposure until first signs/symptoms

Period of critical illness is…

the duration from first to last signs/symptoms

Pre-infectious period is…

the time from first exposure until onset of infectiousness

Infectious period is…

the time when an infectious individual can transmit an infectious agent

Disease duration will vary based on…

host, environment, and infectious agent

What are the five methods of transmission?

1. direct

2. fomite

3. aerosol

4. oral

5. vector-borne

Direct transmission occurs by…

direct contact

Direct contact typically involves…

open wounds, abrasions, bites/scratches, etc

A fomite is…

an inanimate object

Fomite transmission occurs by…

susceptible individual coming in contact with an object contaminated by an infected individual

Aerosol transmission occurs by…

small particles

Oral transmission occcurs by…

ingesting pathogenic organisms

A patient may ingest pathogenic organisms by…

1. eating or drinking contaminated food and water

2. licking or chewing contaminated surfaces and objects

A vector is…

a living organism that can transfer pathogenic microorganisms to other individuals

Examples of vectors are…

ticks, fleas, mosquitos, rats, etc

A test’s sensitivity is its ability to…

correctly identify individuals infected with an agent

If a test is not very sensitive it may produce…

more false negatives

A test’s specificity is its ability to…

correctly identify individuals not infected by an agent

If a test is less specific it may produce…

more false positives

Screening tests are…

highly sensitive

Confirmatory tests are…

highly specific

Lab tests are looking for…

1. specific agents

2. evidence of presence

Antibodies are…

molecules produced by the immune system in response to microorganisms

When testing for antibodies, results ______ show active infection.

will not

Testing for antibodies is most useful to test for…

exposure

Antigens are…

molecules from microorganisms that can trigger immune response

Parasitology is the…

study of parasites

A host is…

an organism in which a parasite exists in/on

The four types of hosts are…

1. final

2. intermediate

3. paratenic

4. aberrant

A final host is where…

a parasite will reach their adult stage

An intermediate host is…

required for the parasite to further develop before reaching the final host

A paratenic host is…

not required, but may act as transportation prior to reaching the final host

An aberrant host is…

a host that the parasite would not typically inhabit

The life cycle of a parasite is…

the series of developmental stages

The two types of life cycles are…

1. direct

2. indirect

If the life cycle is direct this means…

there is no intermediate host required to reach maturity

If the life cycle is indirect this means…

there is one or more intermediate host required to reach maturity

Parasitics are…

drugs used to treat or control parasites

Anthelmintics are…

drugs used to treat or control worms

Insecticides are…

drugs used to treat or control ectoparasites

Immiticides are…

drugs used to treat or prevent heart worm

If a parasite is host specific this means…

it only affects one species

If a parasite is site specific this means…

it only affects one specific part of the body

Aberant migration occurs when…

a parasite migrates to a part of the body they would not typically affect

The five methods of transmission are…

1. direct

2. fecal-oral

3. stalking and biting

4. indirect

5. intermediate

Direct transmission occurs when…

an individual makes direct contact with an infected host

Indirect transmission occurs when…

an individual makes contact with a contaminated object or space

Nematodes are…

endoparasites in the class Nematoda, includes true round worms

Cestodes are…

endoparasites in the class Cestoda, includes tapeworms

Trematodes are…

endoparasites in the class Trematoda, includes flukes

Protozoa are…

single-celled organisms that are typically microscopic, some may be endoparasites

Rickettsia are…

single-celled endoparasites, typically intracellular parasites

When writing the genus and species, the genus should be…

capitalized

When writing the genus and species, the species should be…

lowercase

When writing the genus and species, the genus and species should be…

underlined or italicized

If parasites are present, the immune system will be triggered by…

antigens

Following exposure to parasites the immunity may develop but…

not be very effective

Eosinophilia is…

the rise of eosinophils due to immune responses

The most common roundworm seen in dogs is…

Toxicara canis

___% of puppies will be born infected with Toxicara canis

98%

Toxicara canis’s final host is…

domestic dogs or wild canines

Toxicara canis are ___ inches and ____ in color.

8 in, white

Toxicara canis live and breed in the…

small intestine

Female Toxicara canis can lay upto…

85,000 eggs daily

Toxicara canis eggs are passed through…

feces

Once Toxicara canis eggs are passed in stool, they must…

embryonate in the environment for 2-4 weeks

After the 2-4 week embryonation period, the eggs are now…

infectious

Toxicara canis have a _____ lifecycle.

direct

Toxicara canis are typically transmitted through…

the fecal oral route, when an individual ingests infected feces