test 2 - chordates

acanthostega

• water lizard

what are stem tetrapods

predate on land vertebrates

ichthyostega

crocadile looking

ichthyostega

zygapophyses

reduced caudal fin

acanthostega characteristics

weak zygapophyses

lateral line

scales on belly

ribs too short to support

osteolepiforms

fish looking

osteolepiforms is part of

tetrapodomorphs

elpistostegalids

sister to tetrapods

more derived then osteolepiforms

tiktaalik and panderichthys

tiktaalik

• shallows

• fin rays

• not tetrapod

• gills but no body operculumn

• poorly ossified vertebrae

• large ribs

amphisbaenians are part of what group

lizards

lizards synapomorphies

1. thin glandular skin (cutaneous)

2. inner ear - papilla amphiborium (hair cells) and operculum columella (girdle)

3. green rods for low light

4. levator bulbi - eye bulging

how many lissamphibia

8000 sp

liss means

smooth

salamander groups

1. serinidae

2. cryptobranchidae

3. proteidae

4. congo eels

   1. plethodontidae

salamander called

caudata or urodela

how many salamanders

750

serinidae

• external gills

• 5 aquatic salamanders

• exception to hindlimbs

cryptobranchidae means

hidden gills

cryptobranchidae characteristics

aquatic and paedomorphic - lateral line and eyelids

without external gills

hellbender

proteidae

mudpuppy

aquatic

paedomorph

external gills

congo eels

3 sp

aquatic but adult without gills

estivate till 2 years

plethodontidae

lungless salamanders

• cutaneous only

490 sp

some drop tail

protrude tongue

some direct development

how many anurans

7300 sp

anuran groups

true toads, semi aquatic, tree frogs

true toad names

bufonidae

are true toads monophyletic

no

true toad synapomorphies

short legs, leathery skin, poison glands, dryness is convergent

semi aquatic anurans synapomorphies

streamlined

lateral line

webbed toes

african clawed tr

tree frogs

1000 sp

not mono

enlarged toe pads with mucous glands

caecillians names

gymnophionans

caecillians are called

naked snake

caecillians

215 sp

burrowing

dermal folds(annuli)

protrusible tentacles

eat earthworms

lissamphibia are most reproductively

oviparous

biphasic - indirect development with metamorphism

anurans reproduction

20% direct

most external fertilization

salamanders reproduction

most internal fertilization without a intermittent organ - with spermatophores

which salamander doesnt use internal

crytobranchidae

caecillians reproduction

internal fertilization with an intromittent organ

75 viviparous - feed on mother

snake groups

1. boidae

2. pythonidaae

3. viperidae

4. elapidae

5. colubridae

boidae

new world

boa, semiaquatic anaconda, arboreal amazon tree snake

pythonidae

old world

viperidae

vipers

adder -puff with blunt head

rattlesnake

• venomous

elapidae

cobras

kraits

mambas

venomous

sea snake

coral snake

colubridae

3000 sp

grass and garter

king and milk - constriction

whip and racer

tree snakes

opisthoglyophous snake types

colubridae

opisthoglyphous means

rear sword

• rear fangs to maxillae

• solid and groove that trickles down

• fold in

proteroglyphous means

first sword

proteroglyphous type

elapidae

proteroglyphous works

hollow at front of maxillae

permanent

solenoglphous means

pipe sword

solenoglyphous type

viperidae

solenoglyphous works

long hollow fangs at rear of rotating maxillae

fold up quickly

aglyphous means

without fangs

aglyphous types

python

garter

grass

elapid has what kind of venom

neurotoxic

viperids have what kind of venom

hemotoxic

prey detection types

1. chemoreception

2. olfactory epitheliam

3. vemeronasal

4. rely on vision

   1. pit organs

which is pleisiomorophic: oviparous or viviparous

oviparous

what is pleisiomorphic: constriction or venom

constrinction

how many squamates are oviparous

80%

which snakes are livebearers

most boas

all vipers

garter

some sea snakes

reproduction of squamates all are

direct developers

internal fertilization - males with 2 hemipenes

who does dermal autonomy

geckos

who does caudal autonomy

tuatara

geckos

skinks

snakes

how many people could a golden dart frog kill

10

how many alkoloids for frogs

200

poison glands are found where on frogs

dorsal

how are mucus glands in frogs good for defence

• cutaneuous

• antibacterial activity

• slippery to catch

• adhesive tail

  • irritating secretion

what is the ancestral lepidosaur

tuatara

how many lizards are there

7000 sp

how many tuatara are there

1

how many snakes are there

3000

what is the only species of lizard in manitoba

nothern prairie skink

amphisbaenans are part of what group

lizard

how many extant coelocanths are there

2

lungfish name

dipnoans

coelacanths name

actinistians

what do lungfish do thats weird

external gills and estivate with a cocoon in mud

what is age of reptiles

mesozoic

how do coelecanths reproduce

viviparous with internal fert

who is the legless burrowing lizard

amphisbaeneans

fossorial means

burrowing

tuatara characteristics

nocturnal

only in NZ protected since 1895

ancestral

most marine lepidosauromorph have what kind of birth

viviparous with tail first

what kind of tail does a ichthyosar have

hypocercal like dolphin

placadonts look like

turtle

mososaur looks like

lizard

plesiosaur looks like

lochness monster

synapomorphies of amniotes

• waterproof skin

• costal development

• direct development in all

• no external gills

  • no lateral line

how many lungfish

6 extant

how many coelecanths

2

negative pressure aspiration pump

movement of ribs to create negative pressure in the lungs which draws air in

endothermy in birds and mammals evolved

independently

pulmonary

deox to lungs

systemic

oxygenated to body

deox side of heart

right side of heart

oxy side of heart

left side of heart