Anatomy - U1- Ch. 2 - Cells

cytology

study of single body cells and their internal structures

plasma membrane

thin outer border of cell that separates intracellular and extracellular copartments

phospholipids that are a physical barrier and are selectively permeable to regulate the entry and exit of ions

active and passive transport

passive - no energy required, high to low

active - requires energy from the cell as ATP

simple diffusion

high to low concentration

osmosis

diffusion of water across a membrane

facilitated diffusion

uses proteins in cell membrane with channels

bulk transport

movement for larger molecules into or out of the cell

exocytosis

move things out of th ecell

endocytosis

moves things into the cell

phagocytosis

uptake of large molecules, forms pseudopodia - false feel that extend from the membrane to engulf

pinocytosis

uptake of water in the cell with vesicle

cytosol

fluid that fills space in cell that contains water with nutrients, ions, etc.

inclusions in cells

pigments (melanin), nutrient stores, protein crystals

membrane bound organelles

ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

non membrane bound organelles

ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosomes, centrioles, cilia, flagella, microvilli

endoplasmic reticulum

membrane bound tunnels, enclosed spaces are cisternae

smooth and rough

SER

continuous with RER

functions as synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs alcohol, and poisons

RER

ribosomes of surface, right next to nucleus

functions as protein secretion area to plasma membrane or lysosome, modifies and packages them to transport vesicles

golgi apparatus

receive material from ER for modification, sorting, and packaging

lysosomes

vesicles from golgi, contains enzymes that digest and remove waste products and damaged organelles within the cell, will release enzyme to digest the cell if it is dying

peroxisomes

detoxifies substances

mitochondria

double membrane with cristae, makes ATP for the cell

ribosomes

protein synthesis, free ribosomes are in teh cytosol, fixed ribosomes are on RER

cytoskeleton

proteins in cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes to form skeleton of cells and keep shape

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

centrosome

by nucleus, contains pair of centrioles at right angles to each other

centriole

attatched to chromosomes during cell division causing chromosomal migration, exists in pairs

cilia

Hair like extensions from cell membrane that move object, objects across cell surface, lots and respiratory track

flagella

On sperm, whipped like tail for movement

microvilli

Finger like extensions that are bigger than cilia from cell membrane, increases the surface area of cell to help absorb nutrients, especially in digestive track

nucleus

control center for cellular activity

contains nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin

nuclear envelope

outer membrane, surrounds nucleus, physical barrier, controls import and export, double membrane with outer membrane continuous with ER, nuclear pores help things go in and out

nucleolus

makes ribosomes

chromatin

DNA and proteins, forms chromosomes during cell division

karyotype

photographic inventory map of chromosomes in 23 pairs, XX is female, XY is male

monosomy

one chronosome missig, no pair, 45 total

trisomy

3 chromosomes in a position, 47 total, down sydrome/trisomy 21

trisomy 21

down syndrome, most common chromosome abnormakity,

abnormalities of pair 23

XXY - klinefelters - male who doesnt develop 2ndary sex characteristics and unable to reproduce

XYY - jacobs - male, taller and delayed motor skills, decrease in muscle tone

XO - turner - female, shorter, does not fully develop 2ndary sex characteristics, unable to reproduce

interphase

time between cell division, maintence with cell growth to prepapre for division

mitiotic phase

divison of nucleas and cells to make 2 genetically identical daughter cells

nercrosus

death of cell due to trauma, physical or chemical

apoptosis

programmed cell death, common