Bio 2 - Chapter 48: Respiratory systems

_____ is the process of bringing oxygenated water or air into contact with a gas-exchange organ. All animals must be able to exchange ______ and ____ _____ between the

external environment and cells of the body.

Ventilation; oxygen and carbon dioxide

Some invertebrates are only a few cell layers thick such as _____ and _______. In these organisms, oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse directly across the ____ _____. Many of these organisms do not have a specialized ____ _____.

Cnidarians and Platyhelminthes; body surface; circulatory system

Some organisms such as ______ can exchange gases through a moist, thin and permeable skin in a process known as ____ _______.

Amphibians; cutaneous respiration

T/F Most Amphibians do have lungs that they rely on for

the bulk of their gas exchange.

true

Water-breathing animals use ____ for gas exchange which are feathery structures that are capable of extracting oxygen from either air or water. These are a common feature in many _____ and _____.

gills; invertebrates and fish

_____ gills are external to the body surface and _____ gills are located within the animal body.

External; Internal

Animals with external gills have to ___ the gills to guarantee ____ _____ ______.

move; adequate gas exchange

Limitations of external gills:

- ____ ____ since they are external to the body

- require considerable ___ ____ since they must be moved for gas exchange to occur

easily damaged; considerable energy

In fish, internal gills are protected by an _____ and air is exchange by ___ _____ which occurs when oxygen diffuses from water into capillaries along a pressure gradient.

operculum; countercurrent exchange

In fish, ventilation is described as a _____ ______ _____. This

means that water moves only in one direction so that the gills

are constantly in contact with fresh, oxygenated water.

Flow-Through System

____ ____ for gas exchange occur in insects. In these systems, the body of the insect is covered by numerous, tiny openings known as ____ which oxygen passes from into smaller and smaller tubes known as _____ which become small enough to provide every cell with oxygen

Tracheal systems; spiracles; tracheae

_______ are used by vertebrates for gas exchange and these function through ____ _____ _____.

Lungs; Negative pressure filling

In Negative pressure filling, the pressure of air in the lungs is _____ below that of the environment in order to create a ____ ____ that draws air into the the lungs.

decrease; pressure gradient

____ _____ states that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related. Vertebrates _____ their chest cavity through inhalation in which air from the atmosphere moves into the lungs which occur at a ___ _____.

Boyle's Law; expand; lower pressure

List the 7 major structures that make up the respiratory system

Nose and Nasal Cavity, Larynx, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi and their smaller branches, Lungs with alveoli, Paranasal sinuses

The ____ is the the only visible portion of the Respiratory System. It provides an _____ for respiration, _____& _____ air, ____&______ inspired air, serves as a ______ _______ for speech and houses the ____ _____.

nose; airways; warms and moistens; cleans and filters; resonating chamber; olfactory receptors

The ___ ____ _____ is in and posterior to the external nose.

internal nasal cavity

Air enters the internal nasal cavity by passing through the _______ and this cavity is divided by a midline known as the ___ ___ which is formed by the ___ _____, the perpendicular plate of ethmoid and cartilage.

nostrils (external nares); nasal septum; vomer bone

The ____ forms the roof of the nasal cavity and the ____ forms the base of the cavity.

ethmoid; palate

The ___ ____ divides the internal portion of the nose into two distinct cavities.

Nasal septum

_____ ____ lines much of the nasal cavity and contains smell receptors.

Olfactory mucosa

______ ______ also lines much of the nasal cavity and is made up

of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue. ____ _____ are also abundant in this and traps microorganisms that enter the nasal cavities.

Respiratory mucosa; goblet cells

_____ and _______ are abundant beneath respiratory mucosa and these vessels act to warm incoming air as it flows over the mucosa.

Capillaries and thin-walled veins

The ____, also known as the throat, is a funnel-shaped tube that connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly.

pharynx

What are the 3 major regions of the pharynx?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

The ______ is the region of the pharynx posterior to the nasal cavity. It serves only as an ____ ______.

nasopharynx; air passageway

During swallowing the _____ moves to close off the nasopharynx, thus preventing food from moving into the nasal cavity.

uvula

The ________ are located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. These trap and destroy pathogens entering the nasopharynxv ia air.

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid)

T/F If the tonsils become enlarged, they can block the flow of air through the nose and into the throat. As a result, the air is not properly warmed before it enters the lungs. The person may breathe with their mouth open

true

The ____ ____ are a part of the nasopharynx and these drain the middle ear cavity to equalize pressure in the ear with atmospheric pressure.

auditory (eustachian) tubes

The _____ is the region of the pharynx that is posterior to the oral cavity and opens into the mouth through the ____.

oropharynx; fauces

T/F Both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through the oropharynx.

true

The ____ ____ are in the posterior wall of the oral cavity and the ___ ____ are located at the base of the tongue. These are considered part of the oropharynx.

palatine tonsils; lingual tonsils

The ______ is the region of the pharynx that opens into the larynx. This is also a passageway for food and air.

laryngopharynx

The laryngopharynx is continuous with the _____ that carries food food to the stomach.

esophagus

The _____, aka the voice box, lies at the upper end of the trachea, just below the pharynx. This structure connects the pharynx to the trachea and is held in place by the ___ _____.

larynx; hyoid bone

Functions of the larynx:

- Serves as an ____ _____

- Routes ____ and ____ into the proper channels

- ___ _____

open airway; food and air; voice production

The larynx is composed of ____ _____ that form a box-like structure. Most of these are ____ ______. The 3 ____ cartilages are the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis.

9 cartilages; hyaline cartilage; largest

The ____ _____ a large part of the larynx formed by 2 attached cartilage plates. This structure is often referred to as the ___ ____.

thyroid cartilage; adam's apple

The ___ _____ is the part of the larynx that sits atop and is anchored to the trachea.

cricoid cartilage

The _____ is a flexible part of the larynx composed of elastic cartilage and is covered by taste buds.

epiglottis

The epiglottis attaches to the superior edge of the _____ _____ and is free on all other borders. When air passes into the larynx, the epiglottis remains ___, however, during swallowing, the larynx pulls the epiglottis superiorly to cover the ____ (the hollow opening between the vocal cords.) This action keeps ___ out of the larynx.

thyroid cartilage; opens; glottis; food

The ____ _____ acts to expel any materials that slip pass the epiglottis.

cough reflex

The ___ ___ ___ are folds of elastic fibers which are stretched across the opening of the larynx. These appear ___ because they are _____ and the folds vibrate as air rushes up from the lungs; thus, producing ______.

true vocal cords; white; avascular; sound

The ___ ____ ____ are superior to the true vocal cords and do not produce ______. These are only involving in helping to close the _____ during swallowing.

false vocal cords; sound; glottis

The ______ or _____ is the cylindrical tube that connects the larynx and the 2 primary bronchi. It is approximately ___ inches long and ____ in diameter.

trachea or windpipe; 4 in; 2.5 cm

The wall of the trachea consists of a _____ ______ that contains ____ and ______ cells. These beat to trap _____ that enter the trachea.

respiratory mucosa; cilia and goblet; microorganisms

T/F Smoking inhibits the activity of and often destroys cilia in the trachea; thuscoughingbecomes the only means to remove mucus from the trachea

true

Externally, the trachea is composed of ____ __________ of hyaline cartilage. This structure provides the trachea with its great _____ which allows the esophagus to _____ during swallowing.

16-20 C-shaped rings; flexibility; expand

The _____ and ____ _____ are the area where respiratory structures are first encountered.

bronchi and bronchial tree

The ___ ____ refers to the branches airways leading from the trachea to microscopic air sacs in the interior of the lungs.

bronchial tree

The ____ ____ (right and left) are formed where the trachea branches (near C7). One of these runs into each ____.

primary bronchi; lung

The _____ primary bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the ____; thus, it is a more common site for objects to become _____.

right; left; lodged

Once inside the lungs, the primary bronchi branch to form ____ ____. There are ____ of these in the right lung and _____ in the left lungs.

secondary bronchi; 3; 2

Secondary bronchi branch into smaller ___ ____ which branch repeatedly into smaller and smaller bronchi. There are about __ ____ of branching in the bronchi and this branching is often known as the ___ _____.

tertiary bronchi; 23 orders; bronchial tree

Passageways smaller than 1mm are known as ____. The smallest of these are known as __ ____ which terminate in tubes known as ___ ____.

bronchioles; terminal bronchioles; alveolar ducts

_____ are air sacs at the end of alveolar ducts with walls covered by a thin layer of ___ ___ ____ ____. These form clusters known as ____ __.

Alveoli; simple squamous epithelial tissue; alveolar sacs

______ is a chemical secreted into the alveoli which reduces the attraction of water molecules for each other. This allows the alveoli to open and fill with _____

Surfactant; air

Externally, the alveoli are covered by_____ _____. Therefore they are sites of...

pulmonary capillaries; exchange of gases between the air and blood.

T/F There are about 3 million alveoli per lung.

true

The ____ and _____ are paired structures occupying much of the thoracic cavity.

lungs and pleura

Each cone-shaped lung occupies its own ___ ____ and are surrounded by the ___ ____ externally and the ____ inferiorly. The right and left lungs are separated by the ______.

pleural cavity; rib cage; diaphragm; mediastinum

Just deep to the clavicle is the _____ (pointed tip) of the lung. The base of the lung sits on the _____.

apex; diaphragm

The ____ is located on the medial surface of the lung and it is the opening through which pulmonary blood vessels and primary bronchi enter the lung.

hilum

The ____ form a thin, protective, double layered serous membrane around each lung. The 2 layers of this are the __ ____ which covers the thoracic wall and superior portion of the diaphragm and the __ ____ which covers the external surface of the lungs. The space between these membranes is referred to as the __ ___ and is filled with ___ ____.

pleura; parietal pleura; visceral pleura; pleural cavity; pleural fluid

The two phases of breathing are _____ which is the period when air flows into the lungs and _____ which is the period when gases exit the lungs.

inspiration and expiration

T/F The pressures associated with breathing are atmosphere pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, and intrapleural pressure.

true

____ ____ is the pressure exerted by the air (gases) surround the body. At sea level this is ____ or _____.

Atmospheric pressure (Patm); 760mmHg or 1atm

____ ____ is the pressure in the alveoli. It rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but it always eventually equalizes with ___ ____.

Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul); atmospheric pressure

____ _____ is the pressure in the pleural cavity. This is always about _____ less than intrapulmonary pressure therefore it is always ____ relative to Ppul.

Intrapleural pressure (Pip); 4mmHg; negative

____ ____ is the process of breathing which occurs through 2 processes: inspiration and expiration.

Pulmonary Ventilation

___ ____ is normal inspiration and is produced by the _____ because as this muscle contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out which increase the ___ of the thoracic cavity.

Quiet Inspiration; diaphragm; height (volume)

Quiet inspiration is also produced by the action of the ___ ____. As the ___ ___ contract, they left the rib cage and pull the sternum superiorly, thus increasing the volume of the thorax.

intercostal muscles; external intercostals;

As the volume increases in the thoracic cavity, the lungs are stretched and intrapulmonary volume _____. As a result, intrapulmonary pressure ____. When this occurs, air (with oxygen) _____ into the lungs.

increases; drops; rushes

Expiration is a passive process that depends more on _____ ______ than on muscle ______.

lung elasticity; muscle contraction

As the inspiratory muscles relax and resume their resting state, the rib cage ___ and the lungs ___ which pushes air ____ of the lungs and into the atmosphere.

descends; recoil; out

_____ ____ is the movement of oxygen into blood from the lungs and carbon dioxide out of blood into the lungs.

External respiration

____ _____ also known as ___ ___ _____ is the movement of oxygen from the blood to the tissue cells and of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood.

Internal respiration or capillary gas exchange

Concerning internal respiration, oxygen pressure is always _____ in tissues than in the surrounding ____ ___ ____, thus oxygen moves from the ____ into the _____. The case is reversed for ___ _____.

lower; systemic arterial blood; alveoli; blood; carbon dioxide

Oxygen is carried in blood in 2 ways:

- Attached to the red pigment ____ within ____

- Dissolved in ____

hemoglobin; erythrocytes; plasma

T/F Only a small fraction of oxygen is dissolved in plasma since oxygen is poorly soluble in water.

true

_____ refers to the combination of oxygen and hemogloobin.

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Normal body cells produced about ____ of CO2 every minute-exactly the amount excreted by the lungs.

200 mL

Blood transports CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in 3 ways:

- Dissolved in ______

- Chemically bound to _____

- As ____ ____ in plasma

plasma; hemoglobin; bicarbonate ion

About ___ of CO2 is carried through blood by being dissolved in plasma.

About _____ is carried bound to hemoglobin known as _______.

About ____ of CO2 is carried as bicarbonate ion in plasma.

10%: 20%; carbaminohemoglobin; 70%

In erythrocytes, the enzyme __ ____ quickly converts water and carbon dioxide into ____ ___ which quickly dissociates to form bicarbonate which acts as the primary ____ in the human body.

carbonic anhydrase; carbonic acid; buffer

Which two parts of brain mainly control respiration?

medulla oblongata and pons

The ____ _____ is a cluster of neurons in the brain that play a major role in regulating respiration due to the ____ _____ found within it.

medulla oblongata; inspiratory center

When neurons in the inspiratory center of the medulla fire, impulses are sent to the ___ and _____ _____ which force the ____ and the ___ ____ to contract. As a result, the thorax expands and air rushes into the lungs.

phrenic and intercostal nerves; diaphragm and intercostal muscles

The pons also regulates respiration by the ____ ______ which sends impulses that inhibit the inspiratory center of the medulla. This portion of the pons acts to regulate the...

pneumotaxic center (pontine respiratory group); rhythm of breathing

Breathing rate and depth are modified in response to changing ___ ____. The respiratory centers in the medulla and pons contain ___ and ____ neurons.

body demands; excitatory and inhibitory

___ ____ ____ occur due to an accumulation of mucus, dirt, and debris in the respiratory system which leads to constriction of air passageways causing ____ when the material accumulates in the lungs and ____ when the materials gather in the nasal cavity.

Pulmonary Irritant Reflexes; coughing; sneezing

The ____ ___ involves impulses from the brain that inhibit inspiration. This is initiated by _____ _____ associated with the lungs.

inflation reflex; stretch receptors

_____ occurs when the depth and rate of breathing are increased. This occurs due to an increase in ____ levels in the blood.

Hyperventilation; CO2

______ is a collapsed lung.

Atelectasis

____ ____ ____ ____ is long term obstruction of air flow. The three types are:

1. ______ - inflammation of the bronchi which leads to excess mucus production

2. _____ - long term exposure to chemicals (especially nicotine) that leads to destruction of the alveoli

3. _____ - interruption of air flow that leads to wheezing and dyspnea (labored breathing)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); bronchitis; emphysema; asthma

______ is the infection of the upper respiratory system by the Rhino Virus and ____ is the viral infection of the respiratory system.

The Common Cold; Influenza

______ is inflammation of the nasal lining, _____ is inflammation of the larynx, and _____ is inflammation of the tissue lining the sinuses.

Rhinitis; Laryngitis; Sinusitis

_____ is the acute inflammation of the alveoli which become filled with fluid and pathogens. This is a common cause of death among ___ _____.

Pneumonia; older individuals

_____ is the inflammation of the membranes around the lungs which leads to a decrease in pleural fluid which allows the two layers of the membrane to rub against each other causing a great deal of pain.

Pleurisy