17.7: Soviet Union

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32 Terms

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How did Stalin show that he would carry on the goals of revolution

By preserving Lenin’s body

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How did Stalin’s rule differ from Karl Marx’s beliefs

  • Stalin made a totalitarian state

  • Marx thought that the state would wither away with communism

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What were Stalins five year plans

  • to build heavy industry, improve transportation, and increase farm output

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What did Stalin do to achieve his five year plans

  • Brought all economic activity under control of the government

  • The government owned all businesses and distributed all resources

  • Developed a command economy

  • Set high production goals

  • Rewarded workers who succeeded and punished those who didnt

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Command economy

Government officials made all basic economic decisions

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Results of stalins five year plans

  • Large factories, hydroelectric power stations, and huge industrial complexes were built

  • Oil, coal, and steel production rose

  • Mining expanded and new railroads were built

  • Famines

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Standard of living in Soviet Union

  • Low

  • Wages were low

  • Workers were forbidden to strike

  • Consumer goods were scarce

  • Shortages of some goods and surpluses of others

  • Managers made large quantities of low-quality goods

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Stalins plans for agriculture

  • Brought agriculture under government control to produce more grain to feed workers in the cities

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Collectives

Large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group

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How did peasants revolt against collectives

  • Killing farm animals

  • Destroying tools

  • Burning crops

  • Only growing enough grain for themselves

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Kulaks

Wealthy farmers

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What did Stalin do to the kulaks

  • Confiscated their land

  • Sent them to forced labor camps where thousands were executed or died from overwork

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What led to the terror famine

  • The government took grain from peasants to feed workers in the cities

  • Poor harvests

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What remained a main issue in the Soviet Union

Feeding people

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what did Stalin do to create terror

  • Terror famine

  • Secret police

  • Torture

  • Violent purges

  • Constricted the press

  • Sent people to the gulag

  • Used propaganda

  • Imposed Russian culture on minorities

  • Replaced religion with communist ideology

  • Reduced art

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The gulag

A system of brutal labor camps where many died

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The Great Purge

  • Action n 1934 by Stalin to crack down on rival party leaders who he thought were plotting against him

  • He targeted Old Bolsheviks

  • Later targeted army heroes, industrial managers, writers, and ordinary citizens

  • Many of those who were charged were never tried, just sent to the gulag

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Old Bolsheviks

Party activists from the early days of the revolution

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Show trials

Former communist leaders confessed to all kinds of crimes after officials tortured them or threatened their families or friends

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Impact of the great purge

  • Increased stalins power

  • Destroyed older generations and replaced them with new generations who had absolute loyalty to Stalin

  • Killed the Soviet Union’s experts in industry, economics, and engineers and talented writers and thinkers

  • Killed most of the nations military leaders and about half of its military officers

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How did Stalin try to boost morale and faith in the communist system

  • By making himself a godlike figure

  • Used propaganda to build up a cult of personality around himself

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Socialist realism

  • Required style by artists and writers

  • Goal was to show Soviet life in a positive light

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Osip Mandelstam

  • Jewish poet who was prisoner, tortured, and exiled for composing a satirical verse about Stalin

  • Later submitted to threats and wrote an “ode to Stalin”

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Boris Pasternak

  • Writer who became famous for his novel Doctor Zhivago

  • Was afraid to publish anything during the Stalin years

  • Translated foreign works instead

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How did stalin’s nationalist policies change toward republics

  • He at first allowed other republics of the Soviet Union to have autonomy

  • Later systematically promoted Russian culture in late 1920s

  • Required Russian language to be used in schools and businesses

  • Many Russian citizens were sent to live in other republics to spread Russian customs

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What was the religious policy of Stalin

  • Atheism

  • Converted churches to offices and museums

  • Religious leaders were killed in purges or sent to die in prison camps

  • Tried to replace religion with communist ideology

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Benefits for citizens

  • Children were required to go to school

  • The state supported technical schools and universities

  • Set up programs of sports, cultural activities, and political classes for teenagers outside of school

  • Provided free medical care, daycare, inexpensive housing, and public recreation

  • Bread was plentiful but meat and fresh fruit was in short supply

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When did women win equality

1917

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Women’s rights in Soviet Union

  • Gained access to education and a wide range of jobs

  • Many women were working in medicine, engineering, or the sciences by the 1930s

  • Earned the same low salaries as men

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Two different foreign policies in Soviet Union

  • Communists wanted to bring about a worldwide revolution

  • Soviets wanted to guarantee their nations security and win the support of other countries

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Comintern

Movement by Lenin in 1919 to encourage worldwide revolution

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What did the Soviet Union want in foreign relations

  • Wanted international recognition and trade with capitalist countries

  • Later set up diplomatic ties and joined the League of Nations