Electrolytes

range: sodium

136-145 mmol/L

range: potassium

3.5-5.1 mmol/L

range: chloride

98-107 mmol/L

range: calcium

8.6-10 mg/dL

range: total CO2

22-33 mmol/L

range: magnesium

1.6-2.6 mg/dL

range: phosphorous

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

what is the formula for calculated osmolality

1.86Na + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)+9

what is the main function of electrolytes

maintain osmotic pressure (homeostasis)

electrolytes exist as free ions and can either be positively charged _____ or negatively charged _____

cations, anions

how are electrolytes measured

ion selective electrodes (ISE); ISE are selective for certain ions based off the material it is made of

what material is used for sodium ISE

glass

what material is used for potassium ISE

vanlinomycin

what material is used for chloride ISE

anion salt ion-exchange

how is the anion gap calculated

Na - (Cl+CO2)

what will cause an increase in the anion gap

renal failure, starvation, alcohol poisoning, ketoacidosis

major extracellular cation; kidney maintains its homeostasis and it is filtered by the glomerulus; maintains normal distribution of water and osmotic pressure

sodium

what are some causes of hyponatremia (low sodium)

renal/extrarenal loss (vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, burns)

what are some causes of hypernatremia (high sodium)

cushing’s syndrome, dehydration, hyperaldosteronism, diabetes insipidus

major intracellular cation; mostly in muscle, regulated by kidneys, excreted through urine

potassium

what are some causes of hypokalemia (low potassium)

poor diet/low intake, excess insulin/alkalosis, malabsorption, prolong vomiting

what are some causes of hyperkalemia

tissue damage/injury, acidosis, diabetes, decreased insulin, hyperglycemia, addison’s disease

is potassium higher in serum or plasma

serum

which electrolytes are affected by hemolysis

potassium, phosphorus and magnesium

major extracellular anion that parallels sodium

chloride

what are some causes of hypochloremia (low chloride)

metabolic alkalosis, high levels of bicarbonate

what are some causes of hyperchloremia

metabolic acidosis, large loss of bicarbonate

anion that plays an important role in the pH buffering system of the blood and plasma, secreted through urine and stool

bicarbonate

minor electrolyte functioning in bone formation, membrane stabilization, blood coagulation, muscle contraction, etc; most abundant mineral in the body

calcium

what regulates calcium levels

parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D and calcitonin

what does calcium have a reciprocal relationship with

phosphorus

what are some things that cause hypercalcemia

multiple myeloma, hyperthyroidism

electrolyte functioning in bone/teeth formation, creates high energy bonds (ATP), DNA/RNA formation, and cell membrane stability

phsphorus

minor electrolyte functioning in neuromuscular support, activation of ATP and acts as a cofactor of enzymes

magnesium

what is measured in a standard electrolyte panel

Na, Cl, K, CO2

which electrolyte is measured to test for decreased O2 supplied to tissues

lactic acid

what is the dietary form of vitamin D

D2

what is the most biologically active form of calcium

free ionized calcium