Chapter 2: Cellular Level of Organization

Anatomy

What are the two categories of similarities between me and amoeba?

Structural and functional

What are the structural similarities between me and amoeba?

made of cells, many organelles, plasma membrane

what are the functional similarities between me and amoeba?

cellular boundaries, get/use energy and matter, get rid of waste and toxins

What are the three points of cell theory?

all living things are made of cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, all cells come from other cells

What structures maintain cellular boundaries?

Plasma membrane

What structures get energy and matter (eat)?

Plasma membrane and mitochondria

What structures use energy and matter?

mitochondria, free ribosomes, rough ER, and golgi apparatus

which structures get rid of wastes and toxins?

lysosomes and plasma membrane

what property should the molecules that make up your body’s cell membranes have to maintain cellular boundaries?

hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties

What two parts make up a phospholipid?

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

What does hydrophilic mean?

attracted to water

what does hydrophobic mean?

repelled by water

What’s a phospholipid bilayer?

makes up most of the plasma membrane (boundary of the cell)

can a water molecule pass through the phospholipid bilayer?

Yes via diffusion

What are the 4 ways molecules move in and out of the cell?

passive transport, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

What is passive transport?

Molecules move across the cell membrane from high to low concentration without using energy

What are the 4 main types of passive transport?

simple and facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration

How does simple diffusion work?

molecules like CO2 and O2 pass through the plasma membrane

How does facilitated diffusion work?

larger molecules like glucose move through the plasma membrane using protein channels

How does osmosis work?

Water molecules cross the plasma membrane from more to less water concentration

How does filtration work?

pressure pushes water and small molecules through the plasma membrane from high to low pressure

How does active transport work?

molecules move from low to high concentration using atp and proteins to cross the plasma membrane

How does endocytosis work?

the cell moves through the plasma membrane by creating a vesicle

How does exocytosis work?

a cell moves out of the cell membrane using a vesicle

What does the golgi apparatus do?

modifies proteins and lipids, sorts them, packages them into vesicles, and ships them

What does lysosomes do?

destroys damaged cell parts, breaks down and gets ride of bacteria/waste and recycles useful materials

how does the highly folded inner membrane help with mitochondria function?

increases surface area creating more atp

How does the nucleus and ribosomes create new molecules?

Nucleus has DNA (instructions to make proteins) and ribosomes reads the DNA and joins amino acids together to make new molecules

What do Amino acids and ATP provide to the process of creating new molecules?

matter and energy

What’s one big difference between us and amoebas?

we are multicellular and amoebas are unicellular

What are the three types of cell junctions?

tight, anchoring, communicating (gap) junctions

What does a tight junction do?

seal cells and prevents leaks

What do anchoring junctions do?

hold cells together

What does gap/communicating junctions do?

allows cells communicate

What are the 4 stages of a cell life cycle?

G1 growth, S DNA synthesis, G2 growth and preparation for mitosis, M mitosi

What acronym can be used to help remember mitosis?

PPMAT

What does PPMAT stand for?

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What comes before prophase and what happens in that stage?

G2 interphase: cell grows and prepares for mitosis

What comes after telophase?

Cytokinesis

What phase is this?

G2 interphase

What phase is this?

Prophase

what phase is this

prometaphase

what phase is this?

metaphase

what phase is this?

anaphase

what phase is this?

telophase

What is mitosis?

Mitosis is when duplicated chromosomes divide so that the 2 daughter cells receive the same genetic material

How does cancer relate to cell division?

Cancer happens when cells divide uncontrollably