APUSH Periods 1 and 2 Essential Vocab

Southwest (Pueblo): lived in arid land and relied on irrigation to grow maize and other agricultural products. Cliff dwellings. Great basin and Great plains (Sioux): lack of natural resources led to growth of nomadic lifestyle, and the importance of hunting buffalo. Atlantic coast of North east (Iroquois): mix of agricultural and hunter gatherer society. Established permanent villages.

Native American cultures (Southwest, Great Plains, Northeast)

Transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other. Europeans learned about new plants and foods ( beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco). Europeans introduced sugarcane, pigs and horses, as well as the wheel, iron, and guns. Native Americans gave European syphilis, and Europeans brought smallpox to Native Americans.

Columbian Exchange

Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadors and developed by the monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions. God, gold, and glory.

Spanish Colonization

Spanish king gave land grants and natives to individual Spaniards. Indians were exploited, had to farm or work in the mines for the Spanish who intern "cared" for them. European diseases and brutality reduced the native population.

Encomienda System

he defended the Spanish "right" to conquer Native Americans because he thought that the Native Americans were barbaric and savage which justified the poor treatment of the Native Americans.

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

A Spanish missionary who was disgusted and outraged by the poor treatment of the Native Americans especially encomienda system. He advocated for the rights of native Americans to King Charles of Spain.

Bartolome de Las Casas

first permanent settlement was established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 at Quebec. French primarily looking for furs and converts to Catholicism. The French viewed Indians as potential economic and military allies, maintained good relations with Natives. Frontier of inclusion.

French Colonization

Henry Hudson established Dutch claims to new Amsterdam (later New York) for economic gain

Dutch Colonization

Sir Walter Riley first attempted to establish a settlement at Roanoke Island in North Carolina in 1587, but failed. Jamestown established 1607. Treated Native Americans with exclusion because they did not use them as a labor force or intermarry because English came in families. They worked together at first, but later expelled Natives from the land they wanted.

English Colonization

The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce.

Feudalism

Economic system in which trade, industry, and the means of production were largely or entirely privately owned and operated for profit. Risk rewarded with profits. Ex: Joint Stock Companies.

Capitalism

a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders.

Joint Stock Company

A Roman catholic Spanish Franciscan friar who founded the California Mission system, which were primarily designed to convert the natives. Founded 9 of the 21 Spanish missions in California from San Diego to San Francisco.

Junipero Serra

1680, revolt by Pueblo Indians against Spanish colonists in Santa Fe, New Mexico that temporarily ended Spanish rule in New Mexico.

Pueblo Revolt

First permanent English colony in America founded by the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company. Starvation was the major problem; Virginia becomes successful when John Rolfe begins growing tobacco for export.

Jamestown

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

John Rolfe

Virginia formed the first legislative body in colonial America. Becomes example for all other colonies to create colonial legislatures as well.

House of Burgesses (1619)

contracted labor for a fixed term in exchange for the cost of their passage to the New World. Most were young unskilled males serving 2- 7 years. Headright Grants encourages land owners to use indentured servants.

Indentured Servants

separatists who broke away from the Church of England. Settled in Plymouth in 1620. Mayflower compact established self-government in the colony.

Pilgrims

Non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They settled the Massachusetts bay colony in 1629. Governor John Winthrop called for them to be a "city upon a hill".

Puritans

He was forced out of Massachusetts colony for promoting religious freedom and questioning treatment of Native Americans. Later established the colony of Rhode Island, which became the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.

Roger Williams

banished from Massachusetts, because she attacked the Puritan doctrine of predestination and gender roles.

Anne Hutchinson

Native Americans in New England led by Chief Metacom (King Phillip) resist Puritan expansion, but loose. The significance is that Native Americans will never again seriously threaten the existence of the New England colonies.

King Phillip's War

Nathaniel Bacon and other former indentured servants attacked the government of Virginia for failing to protect them from Native Americans. Rebels are defeated, but as a result, the wealthy landowners decided that a more controllable workforce was needed so turned to African slaves.

Bacon's Rebellion

series of laws passed in southern colonies to defend the status of slaves and codify the denial of basic civil rights to them. Followed the tradition established in the West Indies where slaves greatly outnumbered their owners.

Slave Codes

South Carolina- 20 recently arrive slaves sacked an armory in Stono, SC, armed themselves and marched toward Florida. Killed some 30 colonists. Lead colonial authorities to shut off slave trade through Charleston for the next 10 years.

Stono Revolt

backbone of new England colony during the colonial period. Example: manufactured goods and rum for slaves in Africa, slaves traded for sugar and molasses in Caribbean, then ships return to New England with sugar to make rum.

Triangular Trade (Atlantic Slave Trade)

Part of triangular trade trip from Africa to the New World where many slaves died from the horrid conditions.

Middle Passage

New pattern of music, dance, religions, oral tradition were all part of the new culture. Many Africans were converted to Christianity during the Great Awakening. Invention of a language that was a mix dialect allowed for a country born and "saltwater" Africans to communicate.

African Slave Culture

Colonial society in the north was more religious, family oriented, and small family farms with diverse crops was the norm. Economy was diverse, but good ports provided basis of their economy. Slavery was not profitable.

New England Colonies

Severe class system. Economy centered on large single crop plantations. Many indentured servants/African slaves. Rural.

Southern Colonies

known as the bread colonies for their production of wheat and grain. Economically diversified because of rich soil for large scale agriculture and good ports for shipping industries. More freedom of religion in these colonies made in the most ethnically diverse region in the American colonies.

Middle Colonies

known as society of friends. Were among the first colonist to call for abolition of slavery. Colony of Pennsylvania was founded as a haven for Quakers by William Penn in 1681.

Quakers

Cultural movement of intellectuals beginning in the late 17th century Europe emphasizing reason rather than tradition. The political ideals of the enlightenment later influenced the American Declaration of Independence

Enlightenment

English political philosopher, whose ideas inspired the American revolution. He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property, and that governments exist to protect those rights and if the government failed to uphold its end of the contract, the people had a right to rebel and institute a new government.

John Locke

applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allow them to participate in some church affairs.

Half-Way Covenant

Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. It led to the founding of higher learning colleges like Princeton, Brown, and Dartmouth. It broke down sectional boundaries and denominational lines.

Great Awakening

Anglican minister from England. He was a great orator, his preaching had a power effect and was emotional and brought people to tears and to God. leader of The Great Awakening. Jonathan Edwards is another minister to know because of famous "sinners in the hands of an angry God" sermon.

George Whitefield

called for colonies to bring wealth for their mother country, England. It was a system of regulations in which the government will intervene in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth. Ex: Navigation laws and trade restrictions.

Mercantilism

forbid American trade with any country, not ruled by England. Intended to make England wealthy by stating the colonies existed as both suppliers of raw material and markets for English manufactured goods. Many of the products could only go to England (sugar, molasses, rum, tobacco, rice, indigo, furs, skins, pine

masts, resin). smuggling became common.

Navigation Acts

A period from 1607- 1763 in which England did not strictly enforce Parliamentary laws, which allowed the colonies to flourish as almost independent states for many years.

Salutary Neglect

1734- 1735 in NY; newspaper printer, John Peter Zenger exposed the corrupt royal governor, and was charged with libel (a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation); was declared innocent and it was a great victory for freedom of the press.

Zenger Trial