Data Presentation, Analysis, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Vocabulary flashcards covering data processing, presentation techniques, statistical tools, and components for drawing conclusions and recommendations based on Practical Research II notes.

Editing raw data

The data processing step that detects errors and omissions and corrects them wherever possible to guarantee that data are accurate, consistent with questionnaire intent, uniformly entered, complete, and arranged to simplify coding and tabulation.

Coding

The process of assigning numerals or other symbols to answers so that responses can be put into a limited number of categories or classes.

Tabulation

A system of processing data or information by arranging numeric data logically and systematically into columns and rows in a table to aid in statistical analysis.

Tables

Tools that help summarize and categorize data using columns and rows, containing headings that indicate the most important information about a study.

Graphs

Visual representations that focus on how a change in one variable affects another by representing the information as a shape.

Line Graph

A visual representation that illustrates trends and changes in data over time.

Bar Graph

A visual representation that illustrates comparisons of amounts and quantities.

Pie Graph

A visual representation that displays the relationship of parts to a whole.

PAID Format

A framework for organizing Results & Discussion consisting of Present the Data (P), Analyze the Findings (A), Integrate with Literature (I), and Discuss Implications (D).

Data

Raw facts and statistics that serve as the basis for analysis and decision-making.

Frequency

The number of occurrences or values, used for describing distribution patterns.

Percentage

The proportion per hundred parts, used for expressing relative proportions.

Mean

The arithmetic average of values, serving as a measure of central tendency.

Standard Deviation

A measure of data dispersion used for assessing data variability.

Parametric Test

A statistical test with specific assumptions used for analyzing normally distributed data.

Non-parametric Test

A statistical test without specific assumptions used for analyzing non-normally distributed data.

Correlation

A statistical measure of the relationship or association between two variables.

Regression

Predictive modeling of a variable used to quantify relationships and make forecasts based on those relationships.

Hypothesis Testing

A statistical method for inference used to draw conclusions about populations.

Descriptive Statistical Technique

Statistical methods that provide a summary of ordered or sequenced data from a research sample, including frequency distribution, measures of central tendency, and standard deviation.

Inferential Statistics

Statistical techniques used when a research study focuses on finding predictions, testing hypotheses, and making interpretations, generalizations, and conclusions.

Pearson's r

A parametric test used to analyze the test of relationship between two variables.

Phi coefficient

A non-parametric test used to determine the relationship between two variables for nominal and dichotomous variables.

Spearman's rho

A non-parametric test (Spearman's Rank Order Correlation) used to analyze the relationship between two variables for ordinal variables.

T-test for dependent samples

A parametric test used to determine the difference between two data sets from one group.

McNemar change test

A non-parametric test used to analyze the difference between two data sets from one group for nominal and dichotomous variables.

Wilcoxon signed-rank test

A non-parametric test used to assess the difference between two data sets from one group for ordinal variables.

T-test for independent samples

A parametric test used to measure the difference between two data sets from two different groups.

Two-way chi-square

A non-parametric test used to test the difference between two data sets from two different groups for nominal variables.

Mann-Whitney U test

A non-parametric test used to analyze the difference between two data sets from two different groups for ordinal variables.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

A parametric test used to determine the difference on more than two population means.

Conclusions

A distinct section where the researcher sums up key points of discussion, essentials of design, or significant outcomes and results of the investigation.

Recommendations

Practical and logical suggestions for future research in a similar field of expertise that address limitations and propose ways to overcome challenges.