Pathology of the Endocrine Gland

What are the mixed glands with endocrine function?

-pancreas

-ovary

-testis

True or False: The pancreas is a mixed gland with endocrine function

True

True or False: The ovary is purely endocrine

False ==> mixed gland w/ endocrine fxn

Are the testis pure endocrine or mixed glands?

mixed glands

True or False: The thyroid is a mixed endocrine gland

False ==> pure endocrine

What are the pure endocrine glands?

-thyroid

-parathyroid

-pituitary

-adrenal

True or False: The parathyroid is a pure endocrine gland

True

Is the pituitary gland pure endocrine or a mixed gland?

pure endocrine

Are the adrenal glands pure endocrine or a mixed gland?

pure endocrine

what are most endocrine diseases caused by?

-change in hormone production

-resistance to hormone effects

-neoplasms

What is hyposecretion of glands usually due to?

destruction of cells 2ndary to surgery, radiation, medications

What is hypersecretion of glands usually due to?

-benign tumors

-general hyperplasia of otherwise normal tissue

True or False: Infections in endocrine glands are common

False ==> rare

True or False: Vascular tissue in endocrine glands are rare

True

Malignant tumors are rare in most glands except for in the ____________________.

thyroid gland

What pathologies can be present in the pancreas?

-diabetes

-neoplasia

what pathologies can be present in the parathyroid glands?

-primary hyperparathyroidism

-secondary hyperparathyroidism

what pathologies can be present in the thyroid gland?

neoplasms

What does the following describe?

-beta, alpha, delta, & pancreatic polypeptide chains

-embedded in the exocrine pancrease

-scattered in head, body, tail

-pink, glandular cytoplasm/neuroendocrine granules

islets of langerhan

Which hormones are secreted by the endocrine pancreas?

-insulin

-glucagon

-somatostatin

-pancreatic polypeptide

Which hormone does the following?

-transfer of blood glucose into cells

-stimulates synthesis of glycogen --> liver, skeletal muscle

insulin

*60% of islet cells (beta cells)

what is the action of glucagon?

opposes the function of insulin

*20% of islet cells (alpha cells)

What percent of islet cells are beta cells?

60%

What percent of islet cells are alpha cells?

20%

Which hormone inhibits the release of insulin & glucagon from islets?

somatostatin ==> secreted by delta cells of the pancrease

What effects does pancreatic polypeptide have?

multiple gastrointestinal effects

What defines diabetes mellitus?

-group of chronic metabolic disorders

-inadequate production of insulin or tissue resistance to insulin

>hyperglycemia

>glycosuria

how many americans are affected by diabetes mellitus?

nearly 30 million

How many people in the USA have prediabetes?

nearly 85 million

What is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, adult-onset blindness, & amputations?

diabetes mellitus

What is the range of normal blood glucose?

70 - 120 mg/dL

What is the diagnostic criteria for diabetes?

-glucose >200mg/dL

-fasting glucose > 126 mg/dL

-glycated hemoglobin level > 6.5%

how is diabetes mellitus classified?

-type 1

-type 2

-secondary diabetes

-gestational diabetes

What percent of diabetes mellitus are type I?

5 -10 %

What is an autoimmune disease characterized by destruction of beta cells?

Type I

If Type I diabetes mellitus is not treated, what will happen?

-severe hypoglycemia

-severe ketoacidosis

What do patients with diabetes mellitus require for survival?

exogenous insulin

what percent of diabetes mellitus cases are type II?

90-95%

Which disease is due to resistance to insulin and inadequate compensatory response of insulin secretion?

Type II diabetes mellitus

what is type II diabetes mellitus often associated with?

-central obesity

-onset after age 40

True or False: Type II diabetes mellitus is usually associated with ketoacidosis

False ==> rarely associated

What are both Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus associated with?

-polydysia

-polyuria

-polyphagia

-weight loss

-muscle weakness