Animal Science 200 Final UW Madison

spay

-ovariohysterectomy

-removal of ovaries and uterus

neuter

removal of testicles

benefits to spay

-no pups

-no heat cycles

-to uterine cancer

-no uterine infections (pyometra)

-reduced risk of mammary tumors

-reduced strays attracted to bitch during estrus

-bitch won't try to escape to be bred

benefits to neutering

-no pups

-no testicular cancer

-dec urine marking

-dec roaming

-maybe less aggression and dominance behaviors

neg aspect of spaying

-risks of surgery

-slight changes in conformation

-bladder incontinece

-may be increases in some cancer rates

-possibly obesity

breeding the bitch

-should wait until at least second cycle

-bitches are not polyestrous

-make sure bitch is healthy, dewormed, etc

-successfully carry preg

-wont pass pathogens to pup

-may be more diff to treat when preg

selecting a sire

-weak points female, strong points of male

-see immunization records

overall

-sperm production and transportation

testes

manufacturing

epididymus

-storage

-sperm undergo changes

-sperm need to be cooler than core body temp

accessory sex glands

-add fluids to sperm

-seminal plasma

-dog(prostate gland)

penis

-inside body, muscle retracts for erection

-has bone inside, called the os penis

options for breeding

-live cover (natural breeding)

-Artificial Insemination

-semen (fresh, chilled, frozen)

insemination

-vaginal

-transcervical

-surgical

-frozen

live cover breedings

-cheapest and simplest, but differences can come up

-male or female mating for the first time

-may need to restrain female and position male

benefits of chilled and frozen

-no transportation of dogs

-shipping semen is cheaper

-shipping internationally

-frozen lasts indefinitely

-frozen while dog is young and prime

-min contact between dogs

AI

-if bitch doesn't accept male, min # of breedings

-locate an exp vet or breeding specialist

-can use fresh, chilled or frozen

neg aspects of chilled and frozen

-timing is critical and adds cost

-shipping adds cost (overnight)

-insemination requires trained experts

-frozen semen insemination is recommended to be surgical which adds risk to bitch

canine estrus cycle

-sexual heat in female (6-12 mo of age)

-bloody discharge

-pronounced swelling of vulva

-sexual desire intensifies (days 10-14 of estrus)

-long anestrous period

gestation

-63 days from breeding

-body weight increases

-milk appears

detection

-abdominal palpation at 3-4 weeks

-can ultrasound after day 16 more typically after day 25

-mammary glands swell last 3 weeks

-milk appear during the last week

-body weight may inc 20-55%

pseudopregnancy

-not uncommon

-every appearance of being bred (mammary glands swell, may produce milk, maternal instincts are present)

-nesting

-mother inanimate object

-weight gain

-no pups

-want to dec feed to speed recovery

metabolizable energy of bitch

-first 30 days 100% normal for breed and size

-day 30-63 (150%)

-lactation day 1-14 (200%)

-lactation day 14-25 (300%)

-by weaning, back to (125%)

signs of whelping

-temp drop, 102-99

-generally, leave her alone

-great restlessness

-seclusion

-active labor (pup within first 20 min)

-shiver and pant

-tear up newspaper

newborn pup

-enclosed in membrane sac (placental)

-bitch breaks it with teeth

-make sure they nurse

-Bulldogs and Boxers can't break placenta on own

-handle as little as possible until eyes are open

difficulties with birth

-no interest in pups

-mastitis --> breast swelling & fever --> antibiotics

-may need to assist in birth canal

early training

-expose to noise, handling, housebreaking

-don't let them bite you

nutrition

-colostrum

-eat/drink at 3 wks

-weaning at 6-8 wks

-8-12 wks good timing to separate from liter

-contains immunoglobulins (passive immunity)

-don't give calcium supplements

genetic theory

-diploid # = 78

-38 pairs of autosomes

-1 pair of sex chromosomes

coat genetics

-short hair dominant to long hair

-wiry hair (incompletely dom) to smooth hair

-hairlessness, probably homozygous lethal

pigments

-eumelanin (black-grey)

-phaeomelanin (red, orange, yellow)

brindle

-dark striping --> boxer, greyhounds

merle

-often blind

-eyes may be small, malformed

-often deaf

-pups often die or must be destroyed

-homozygous semi-lethal

-cross some dog without gene with ones that are heterosexual

pleiotrophy

-one gene affects multiple traits

other health situations for dogs

-deafness (common in Dalmatians)

-uric acid production (Dalmatians)

PRA

-progressive retinal atrophy

-diagnosed in at least 45 breeds

-often begins as night blindness and progresses

-hard to notice at first

-DNA test is being dev for some breeds

hip dysplasia

-very common

-hip joins break down

-painful to walk

-can be diagnosed by xray

-OFA certification

-afflicted should not be used as breeders

breeder induced problems

-collie eye anomaly(can get optic nerve damage, detached retinals)

-back problems (dachshunds, boxers)

-skin problems(sharpae)

inbreeding

-increase homozygosity

advantage: increase predictability

disadvantage: can increase incidence of deleterious recessive traits

-must be willing to remove prob from gene pool

-potential usefulness of inbreeding (line breeding)

requirements for successful training

-patience

-knowledge of what to correct

-timing

socialization with a pup

-accustom dog to variety

-adults, babies, animals, other dogs, environment

-car rides

establish your dominance

-exercise

-consistency in training

-don't allow dog to assume "pack leader"

-eat before you feed the dog

-ignore whining, pawing

-reward dog for completing exercises well

use proper toys for play

-don't use shoes or socks

-balls, squeaky toys, frisbees, etc

-retrieving

crate training

-facilitates housebreaking

-prevents destructive behavior

-accustom to being in crate while you are gone

rewarding good vs punishment

-food and praise are food rewards

-with punishment, timing is difficult

for times when you must get attention (punishment)

-voice of disapproval

-one quick snap on a collar

-rattling a can filled with pennies

-time-out in bare room?

breed characteristics

-influence learning

-"reasons" for breed

-may have to combat this

general temperament

-innate desire to please

-good for most dogs

age

-with pups, short attention span

-lack coordination, depth perception

-may have to untrain old dog, before training new tricks

environment

-remove distractions (2 dogs together)

-remove stressors

handler/trainer

-dominant attitude

-consistency

-insist on obedience and command only if you can enforce it

-command must always mean the same thing

ex of unintentional training

-poor timing of praise or punishment

-calling a dog and then punishing

-yelling to stop barking

-allowing begging at table

-playing inappropriate games(tug-of-war, wrestling)

housebreaking (elimination method)

-dogs usually sanitary

-recommend a crate

-restrict to one room to start

-place newspapers 180 degrees from feeding/sleeping area

-adjust time of day you feed and water

training to go outside

-take outside often

-show it area you want it to use

-praise greatly

barking

-wild dogs rarely bark

-may be a natural or learned response

-may be desirable as alarm

how to stop barking

-remove rewarding factor

-dont yell or throw things

-reward non-barking

-leave then return

-praise if no barking, stretch out time away

adv of automatic shock collars

-immediate

-consistent/always on

-not associated with the owner

dis of automatic shock collars

-stressor/produces pain

-if have multiple dogs, confusion of shocking

clicker training

-somewhat new method

-better timing of reward

-click whenever you see desired action

antagonistic

-patterns associated with conflict

-fighting and predation, herding, play-fighting

-defense and escape reaction

sexual behavior

-mutual investigation of anal/genitals

-courtship/mating

eliminative

urination and defecation

maternal

-giving of care/attention

-towards young (feeding, protecting, grooming)

allelominetic

-doing what other animals in the group do

-makes hunting and safety more efficient

relaxed posture (normal)

-tail down, ears up, head high, corners of mouth relaxed

alert

tail straight, ears forward, mouth closed

stressed (afraid)

tail between legs, ears back, pupils dialated, panting

active submission

-body cowered, tails down, ears back, groveling mvt, licking

passive submission

-roll onto back, tail tucked, eyes averted, giving up

seeing eye

-animal used to guide someone who is vis impaired

-guide dogs, pilot dogs, etc

history of guide dogs

-100 BC germanic king was said to have a guide dog

-1916 German Shepard society opened first school

-intended to lead germanys blind war veterans after WW1

-1929, US first guide dog school

-**dogs don't see red/green light == person hears car, tells them to go

guide dog schools

-approx 17 guide dog schools in US

-approx 1500 new dog graduates each yr

who pays for guide dog training?

-non-profit and run from donations(schools)

-why there are so few

-no input from medicare, gov, or social services

-$40-50,000 to make a guide dog

breeding program for guide dogs

-seeing eye breeds Goldens, Germans and labs at own facility

-schools obtain 95% of their dogs from own breeding programs or contract breeding

-physyical attributes, intelligence, height, walking pace, easy to care for

raising the puppies

-7-8 wk old puppies given to fam

-during next year and a half, learn basic obedience and good manners

-important that they are exposed to social situations

start of formal training

-between 14 and 18 mo

-during next few wks, dogs are neutered, spayed and intro to unusual kennel exp

-most schools have vet on staff to detect hip dysplasia, vision

-dogs turned loose to groups(test process for temp and socialization)

-intro to harness from 1st day of training, comm between person and dog

preliminary training

-intro to distractions

-new commands "forward", "halt", "hop up", "steady"

-most training done on campus/quiet areas

**intelligence disobedience: ignore odors, trust judgement

later training

-in busier areas of town

-"right", "left", and "over here"

-curb checks and street crossing intro

-can't distinguish walk signs and traffic lights

adv training

-buses, subways, urban areas

-intro to low overhead clearances

-adv off leash

final test

-must lead instructor blindfolded

-off leash obedience

-distraction response

-traffic training and intelligent disobedience

-can dog detect dips, holes, doors, trees, signs, fire hydrants

-then match with blind person, training lasts 28-40 days

who is eligible for a seeing eye dog?

-legally blind

-physically/mentally healthy

-over 16 yrs of age

-phys able to walk several miles at brisk pace everyday

-able to provide a safe, stable, loving and healthy home

student training

-student/dog matched on first day

-before student gets dog, learn basic commands/care

-work gradually from more quiet to busier streets

-meet with vet to discuss dogs med history

adoption

-seeing eye dogs serve for 8-10 yrs before they retire

-can be adopted by staff, puppy raisers, etc

hearing dogs

-most work in home

-training takes 4-6 mo and cost $25,000

-only 1 out of 4 dogs completes program

-trained sounds of fire/smoke alarms, phone, oven timer, alarm clock, doorbell/knock, name call and baby cry

-can also learn to recognize and respond to any other rep sounds owner wishes to teach

seizure alert dogs

-alert owner several min before onset of seizures (through vocalization or physical contact)

-must be trained with their epileptic owner, so they can pick up on specific types of seizure activity

-prevent owner from falling and injuring themselves when seizure occur

physical service dogs

-assist by retrieving objects, pulling wheel chairs, opening/closing doors, turning light switch on and off, barking for alert, finding balance

psychiatric service animals

-stop damaging behaviors

-guide people home or to safety

-notice alarms, smoke

therapy/emotional support animals

-not in same category, not covered under ADA

Adv of guide horses

-non allergenic

-long lifespan (can work 30-40 yrs)

-good vision

issues of guide horses

-feed

-space/housing

-travel limitations

-fairly unproven commodity

disease detection

-can be trained to detect smells

-several forms of caner have been studied

-diabetes

sanitation equipment

-bowls, brushes, etc

-easily cleaned

kennels

-wire or concrete floors

-easily cleaned

-outdoor yards (exercise areas) can be a problem

disinfectants

-chlorine bleach (cheap, available, only works on clean surface)

-organic matter can be a problem

fomite

-inanimate item that can transmit disease

vector

-living organisms that transmit disease

dental care

-brush dogs teeth

-some dental toys available too

quarantine

-quarantine new dogs can protect current animals from diseases new dogs might have

-often not possible

-good to check vaccination history and make sure to vaccine ahead of time

vaccination

-active immunity

-DHLP-P, rabies

-distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, etc

-vacc. mult times (6, 8, 10, 12, 14 wks)

why vacc pups so often?

-titer: measure of antibodies = higher titer = more protection

-for first 4-6 weeks, vaccines are ineffective. Passive immunity from colostrum clear vaccine out before body can respond

-vaccinate between middle level of titer = safe, vaccines are effective

-vaccinate multiple times to increase effectiveness of vaccine