Chapter 9) Transport in animals

Plasma

Liquid part of blood that transports cells, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and urea

Red blood cells

Cells that carry oxygen using haemoglobin

Haemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

Oxyhaemoglobin

Compound formed when haemoglobin binds with oxygen

White blood cells

Cells that defend against pathogens by phagocytosis and antibody production

Platelets

Cell fragments that help blood clot

Heart

Muscular organ that pumps blood around the body

Atrium

Upper chamber of the heart that receives blood

Ventricle

Lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out

Septum

Wall separating left and right sides of the heart

Valve

Structure that prevents backflow of blood

Double circulation

System where blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit

Pulmonary circulation

Movement of blood between heart and lungs

Systemic circulation

Movement of blood between heart and body

Artery

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart at high pressure

Vein

Blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart, with valves

Capillary

Tiny blood vessel with thin walls for exchange of substances

Coronary arteries

Blood vessels supplying the heart muscle with oxygen

Coronary heart disease

Narrowing/blockage of coronary arteries due to fatty deposits

Atheroma

Fatty deposit in artery walls

Heart attack

Blockage of blood flow to heart muscle causing damage

Blood clotting

Process that prevents blood loss by forming a clot

Fibrin

Protein that forms a mesh to create a blood clot

Pulse

Pressure wave in arteries caused by heartbeats

Heart rate

Number of heartbeats per minute

Stroke volume

Volume of blood pumped by the heart per beat

Oxygen

Gas transported from lungs to body cells for respiration

Carbon dioxide

Waste gas transported from cells to lungs

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Recording of heart’s electrical activity

P wave — Atria contract
QRS complex — Ventricles contract
T wave — Ventricles relax

Pathogen

Microorganism that causes disease

Phagocytosis

Process where white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens