Anatomy

Anatomy Finals

Papillary

The thin superficial layer of the dermis.

Bones

Components in the body's tensegrity system that serve as compression spacers.

Sacrum

A bone that is part of the axial skeleton.

Muscular system functions

Maintain posture, create movement, stabilize joints, and generate heat.

Oligodendrocytes

Neuroglial cells that produce myelin in the central nervous system.

Stimulus

Any change in the internal or external environment.

Cytosol

The gel-like medium inside cells made up of 75-90% water.

Deltoid

A type of pennate muscle.

Collagen fibers and ground substance

The equal mix that makes up about 50% of bone tissue calcified mineral salts in the matrix.

Muscular system and body temperature

Heat is generated as a byproduct of muscle contraction.

Capillaries structure

A vessel wall made up of a single layer of epithelial cells, allowing for distinctive function.

Iliocostalis

The most lateral muscle of the erector spinae group.

Specific immune responses characteristics

Specificity, lymphocyte responses, creates memory.

Sagittal plane

The cardinal plane that divides the body into right and left sides.

Threshold stimulus

The minimal amount of stimulus required to generate a contraction.

Adductor muscle group location

Medial thigh.

Corpus luteum

Structure that secretes progesterone.

Tendon function

Connect muscles to bone.

Motor unit response

All fibers in the unit contract fully when threshold stimulus is applied.

Somatic communication

Information communicated to the client through touch indicates tissue status and nature of touch.

Hilus

Indentation along the medial border of each kidney where ureters, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit.

Krebs cycle

An aerobic metabolic process in which ATP is produced by converting pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water.

Female genitalia components

Mons pubis, labia, clitoris, and vestibular glands.

Isometric contraction

Muscle contraction that increases tension without resulting in movement.

Motor unit description

1 motor neuron + multiple muscle fibers.

Synergist

A muscle that assists larger muscles during a particular motion.

Visceral peritoneum

Another term for the serosa layer of the GI tract.

Appendicular skeleton bones example

Humerus, tibia, and clavicle.

Sesamoid bone

Classification of bone that is embedded within tendon.

Antagonist muscle role

A muscle that opposes or slows down a specific motion.

First messenger in hormone action

The hormone that stimulates the target cells in the second messenger method of hormone action.

Fascial bands function

Provide support to blood vessels and nerves and some rigidity to the torso.

Tonic contraction

Type of muscle contraction that maintains posture and a muscle's state of readiness.

Sarcomere

Small unit of bundled actin and myosin in skeletal muscle.

Anterior and posterior tibialis function

Common function is inversion.

Ligament implication

When pain or limitation is present with both active and passive range of motion in one direction.

Perimysium function

Layer of fascia that surrounds a group of muscle fibers, dividing the muscle into compartments called fascicles.

DOMS cause

Inflammatory response related to microtrauma of muscle fibers.

Second class lever example

A wheelbarrow and standing heel raise exercises.

Reciprocal inhibition

When the agonist is signaled to contract, the antagonist is inhibited.

Albumins

The most abundant type of plasma protein.

Epidermis

Layer of skin that contains melanocytes.

Key characteristics of skeletal muscle

Excitable, contractile, extensible, and elastic.

Lymphatic vessels without valves

Initial and collecting capillaries.

Edema uptake factors

Negative pressure inside the lymphatic network and opening the epithelial flaps of the initial vessel with light stretch.

Dense bone tissue

Type of bone made up of small circular units called osteons or the haversian system.

Dermis function

Contains blood vessels and sensory receptors.

Epiglottis function

Covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing.

Large intestine functions

Absorption of water and elimination.

Bone shape classifications

Short, long, flat, and irregular.

Endomysium

What fascial layer surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber?

Visceral peritoneum

What membrane covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Renin

The kidneys help regulate both blood pressure and volume by initiating the RAA pathway with the release of what enzyme?

Parallel and pennate

What are the two basic categories of fiber arrangements in skeletal muscles?

Isometric resistive

Which type of range of motion assessment is best at identifying a muscle strain?

Origin

Which muscle attachment is generally on the non-moving bone during motion?

Adjustments in fluid and pH levels

The endocrine system exerts the most control over which of these physiologic processes?

Peyer patches

MALT tissues include the tonsils and?

serous and mucous

The three types of epithelial membranes in the body are the cutaneous, ______and ______.

Organic

What type of compound always contains carbon molecules?

Number of origins

Muscle names are generally descriptive of their size, shape, function, location, attachment points, fiber direction, and?

Pennate

If the muscle has fascicles with shorter fibers running in an oblique line to a central tendon, what category of muscle architecture is it?

Ossicles

What is the name for the three tiny bones inside each ear?

The fibrous connective tissue between the periosteum and tendon

What connective element of skeletal muscle is described as the tenoperiosteal junction?

Each muscle fascicle contains multiple motor units.

Which of these statements about motor units is most accurate?

Fixator

What movement role is assigned to the muscles that hold the scapula and clavicle in place during shoulder motions?

The study of the functions of the human organism and all its component parts

What is the definition of physiology?

obturator internus, quadratus femoris, and obturator externus

The 'deep six' muscles that laterally rotate the hip are the piriformis, gemellus superior and inferior, the?

We would not be able to recognize structural imbalances without understanding their normal relationship.

Why is it important for manual therapists to know the structures and functions of the skeletal system?

Length-strength ratio

What is the name of the physiologic theory that explains the relationship between muscle length and the force generated by its contraction?

Biceps femoris

Which of the hamstring muscles inserts on the head of the fibula?

integration and motor

Nervous system functions can be summarized as sensory,___________and?

It allows the brain to regulate the amount of force used for any movement by changing the number of motor units engaged.

What is the advantage of having multiple motor units in a skeletal muscle?

Creatine-phosphate

In the direct phosphorylation method of energy production, what substance is broken down to replenish the ATP?

7

How many TRUE ribs are in the ribcage?

They are rendered ineffective.

What happens to antigens when antibodies attach to them?

Tensor fascia latae

Muscles that abduct the hip include the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and?

Femur

The anatomic name for the 'thigh bone' is?

Toughens the epidermis and makes it water-resistant

What is the function of keratin in skin?

Accessory

Which nerve is often compressed and irritated in association with frequent tension headaches?

Styloid process

Which of these bone landmarks is a sharp needle-like projection?

Testes

What structures in the male reproductive system are also called the gonads?

Metabolizing lactic acid and replenishing energy supplies

The physiologic processes that occur as the oxygen debt is paid back include?

Coagulation

What is the final step in blood clot formation?

Integrative

Which type of neuron connects sensory and motor pathways?

Molecules

When atoms bind together, they form microscopic particles called what?

Reciprocal inhibition

The neuromuscular reflex that inhibits the antagonist of a contracting muscle is called?

Trapezius

Which of these back muscles elevates, retracts, and upwardly rotates the scapula?

The localized spasm is due to a neurologic signal

Which of the following is a key characteristic of a tender point?

Sphenoid

What bone forms the floor of the skull?

Oxytocin

The positive feedback mechanism is used to regulate levels for which of these hormones?

Anaerobic cellular metabolism

What method of energy production creates lactic acid and the largest oxygen debt?

Reducing adhesions

Which of these physiologic changes is considered a structural effect of manual therapy?

Adductors

What muscle group around the hip joint would act as antagonists to hip abduction?

Agonist

Even though movements are rarely created by one single muscle, the one that is largest and has the best angle of pull across the joint is generally considered the?

3 liters

Approximately how much fluid does the lymphatic system return to the cardiovascular system each day?

Engage the dorsiflexors in an isometric contraction

After applying direct compression to the cramp, how can you apply your knowledge of muscle physiology to relieve a calf cramp?

Myofiber

What is the anatomic name for a skeletal muscle cell?

Chemotaxis of phagocytes and NK cells

Which of the following are important processes of the general immune defense of inflammation?

Horny

Which layer of the epidermis is the most superficial?