Anatomy
1. Where does the chemical digestion of protein begin?
Answer: Stomach
2. The consistent state of low-grade tension in a muscle generated by a tonic contraction is called:
Answer: Motor tone
3. Arterial flow and pulse have a major influence on lymph flow through which portion of the lymph system?
Answer: Collecting trunks
4. The functions of the integumentary system are protection, absorption and excretion, synthesis of vitamin D, _________ and _________.
Answer: Temperature regulation and sensation
5. Which microscopic fiber in muscle is formed by the end-to-end arrangement of sarcomeres?
Answer: Myofibril
6. Where is the wrist located in relationship to the elbow?
Answer: Distal
7. What type of bone tissue makes up the shaft of a long bone?
Answer: Cortical
8. What anatomic term is used to describe the position of two structures on the same side of the sagittal plane?
Answer: Ipsilateral
9. What portion of a muscle cell is the actual contractile unit?
Answer: Sarcomere
10. What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
Answer: Patella
11. Which term describes the process of moving air into and out of the lungs?
Answer: Ventilation
12. What is the name for the connective tissue layer of epithelial membranes?
Answer: Basement membrane
13. Fascia is classified as what type of connective tissue?
Answer: Disorganized fibrous
14. All of the following glands function as endocrine glands except the:
Answer: Kidneys
15. Which of the following is the best description of lymph flow?
Answer: Movement of fluid inside the lymph vessel network and returning lymph to the blood
16. Similar to plasma, lymph fluid is mostly made up of what two substances?
Answer: Water and electrolytes
17. Which of these muscles is part of the hamstring group?
Answer: Biceps femoris
18. What is the common function of the brachioradialis, brachialis, and biceps brachii muscles?
Answer: Elbow flexion
19. What class of lever are most joints of the body?
Answer: Third
20. What is the function of articular cartilage?
Answer: Cushion bone ends and stabilize the joint
21. Which horizontal fascial planes should be prioritized in a treatment plan to help relieve chronic neck pain associated with a forward head posture, rounded shoulders, and collapsed thorax?
Answer: Thoracic inlet and diaphragm
22. What is the name of the highly sensitive area on the muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction between the muscle and motor neuron?
Answer: Motor end plate
23. What fascial layer forms the outer envelope of the muscle and anchors it to the hypodermis?
Answer: Epimysium
24. Which of these cranial nerves is a sensory-only nerve?
Answer: Olfactory
25. Which of these connective tissue components of skeletal muscle is classified as organized fibrous?
Answer: Tendon
26. Which muscle physiology reflex increases or decreases the number of motor units engaged according to the effort required for a movement?
Answer: Graded response
27. Which of these terms is a synonym for agonist?
Answer: Prime mover
28. Which passive transport mechanism relies on a concentration gradient to move substances across the cell membrane?
Answer: Diffusion
29. What change occurs in a muscle during an eccentric contraction?
Answer: Tension increases and the muscle lengthens.
30. Which of these benefits and effects of manual therapy is most likely to positively influence functions of the urinary system?
Answer: Decreased stress and anxiety
31. The term used to describe the balance of tension and compression forces in the musculoskeletal system is:
Answer: Tensegrity
32. In anatomic position, the feet and palms are pointing in which direction?
Answer: Forward
33. What is the function of retinaculi in the muscular system?
Answer: Tension straps that hold tendons in place
34. Which method of energy production generates the highest amount of ATP?
Answer: Aerobic cellular metabolism
35. What is the name of the large central portion of a muscle?
Answer: Belly
36. Functions of the skeletal system can be summarized as providing framework, protection, levers for movement:
Answer: Blood cell production and calcium storage
37. What is a pre-lymphatic channel?
Answer: A non-structural "preferred pathway" for fluid flow around cells in the interstitium
38. What is the function of the epiphyseal plate in bones?
Answer: It is the region of bone growth.
39. Which of these processes is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
Answer: Monitor and adjust blood pH levels
40. What is the anatomic name for a broad sheet of connective tissue that serves as the attachment point for several muscles in the torso or thigh?
Answer: Aponeurosis
41. Which of these muscles is a type of parallel muscle?
Answer: Rectus femoris
42. What is gamma gain?
Answer: The physiologic mechanism that makes the muscle spindle hypersensitive to sudden lengthening
43. Once stimulus is removed, which of these is the last step in the sliding filament mechanism?
Answer: ATP is used to pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
44. The key structural features that allow initial vessels to take in interstitial fluid include their measurement at one epithelial cell thick, their slight overlapping arrangement like fish scales, and:
Answer: an anchor filament extending into the interstitium that opens the flap to allow fluid to enter
45. The myofilament bonding of a muscle contraction can only occur in the presence of what element?
Answer: Calcium
46. What are the three defining characteristics of a trigger point?
Answer: Always in a taut band, palpable nodule, compression creates a radiating pattern of pain
47. Once processing is complete, urine from several nephrons flows directly into what structure?
Answer: Pyramids
48. What digestive process is described as the mixing and forward movement of substances through the GI tract?
Answer: Motility
49. Manual therapy methods that use some type of repositioning designed to reverse gamma gain include positional release, strain counterstrain, and:
Answer: Functional technique
50. What term best describes the location of the bones in relationship to the muscles?
Answer: Deep