APUSH Period 3

April 1775

Battles of Lexington and Concord

Lexington and Concord impact

Proved British couldn’t seize colonial arms

Lexington and Concord results

Bloodshed on both sides; “shot heard round the world”

Second Continental Congress stats

Philadelphia, May 10, 1775; all 13 colonies present

Second Continental Congress impact

Appealed to the king (rejected)

Second Continental Congress army

Washington chosen as commander

Aristocracy

Government by nobility

Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold

Captured British garrison at Ticonderoga

Bunker Hill, Boston

Colonists held strong but retreated

Bunker Hill battle impact

Boosted morale; heavy British losses

Olive Branch Petition

July 1775 British peace offer; colonists ignored after Bunker Hill

Hessians

German mercenaries hired by Britain

Hessian “flies”

Deserted due to lack of motivation

October 1775 invasion of Canada

Failed, harsh winter setback

General Richard Montgomery

Led Canada invasion; killed

January 1776

British burned Norfolk, VA

Thomas Paine author of

Common Sense

Common Sense theory

Government’s power comes from the governed

Common Sense question

Why should the island of Britain rule the continent of America?

Common Sense impact

First call for independence

Common Sense call to action

Create a republican government

Conservative republicans

Supported talent-based, not hereditary, rule

Philadelphia Congress

July 2, 1776—declared independence

Richard Henry Lee

Proposed independence

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence

Listed natural rights violations

Patriots

Supported independence

Whigs

Britons supporting colonial independence

Loyalists

Opposed independence

Tory

Pro-British colonists; widely disliked

Benjamin Franklin

Strong patriot leader

Benedict Arnold

Traitor; switched to British side

William Franklin

Ben Franklin’s loyalist son

Loyalists age

Mostly older citizens

Valley Forge

1777–78 winter; severe hardship

Tarring and feathering

Punishment for loyalists

Boston post 1776

British military base

Battle of Long Island

Colonial defeat; retreat to NJ

General William Howe

British commander; failed to finish victory

Battle of Trenton

Dec. 26, 1776; Washington captured Hessians

General John Burgoyne

Failed to cut off New England

Taking of Philadelphia

1777; captured by Howe

Baron von Steuben

Prussian officer who trained troops

Burgoyne surrender

Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777

Model Treaty

1776; trade-only foreign policy

Benjamin Franklin attire

Simple, no sword—symbol of equality

British reaction to Saratoga

Offered home rule; rejected

February 6, 1778

French recognized U.S. independence

Armed Neutrality

European neutrality turned anti-British

1778–83

French aid with navy and troops

Comte de Rochambeau

French general aiding U.S.

Nathanael Greene

Defeated Cornwallis via retreat tactics

Charles Cornwallis

British general

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

Peace with pro-British Iroquois

John Paul Jones

Naval hero of the Revolution

Privateers

Private ships raiding British trade

Battle of Yorktown

Cornwallis trapped by French and Americans

Native alliances

Mainly with Britain

Treaty of Paris

Britain recognized U.S. independence

Treaty of Paris to 1812 War

Colonies promised debt repayment; angered Canada

Treaty of Paris generosity

Britain gave land to restore trade

Chapter 9

Economic 1786 challenge

Trade competition with Europe

Continental Congress

1776; drafted U.S. Constitution framework

Uniqueness of the U.S. Constitution

Written laws, not based on precedence from judiciary branch

Economic democracy precedent

Came before political democracy

End of mercantilism

Free trade; U.S. traded with China

Articles of Confederation dates

Adopted 1777; ratified 1781

Articles of Confederation favored

Large states with land to sell

Articles of Confederation purpose

Show self-government to France

Articles of Confederation gov

One Congress, state courts

AoC tax policies

State payments optional

Pennsylvania Mutiny 1783

Unpaid soldiers marched on Congress

Continental Association

1774 boycott of Britain

Old Northwest

Land north of Ohio River

Northwest Ordinance 1785

Sold land to pay debt

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Statehood at 60,000; no slavery

Old Northwest trade competition

Britain, Spain, and natives interfered

Early American oceanic trade

Vulnerable to piracy

American currency

Inflated and devalued

Shays’ Rebellion

Farmers demanded debt relief

Shays’ Rebellion political effect

Brought attention to the weaknesses of the AoC

Shays’ Rebellion place

Massachusetts, 1786

Daniel Shays

Leader of Shays’s rebellion, pardoned

Democratic despotism

Democracy becoming centralized and tyrannical

1789 shipping

Trade returned to prewar levels

Constitutional Convention location

May 1787, Philadelphia Statehouse

Constitutional Convention people

Nationalist elites only